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| ==Abstract== | | ==Abstract== |
| [[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|350x350px|left]] | | [[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|350x350px|left]] The introduction to Masticationpedia provides a comprehensive overview of how scientific paradigms evolve, with a special emphasis on medicine and dentistry. It explores the epistemological shifts influenced by Thomas Kuhn's notion of paradigm changes, emphasizing their profound impact on dental sciences, particularly in masticatory rehabilitation. The text advocates for an interdisciplinary approach, introducing "metacognitive scaffolds" to aid communication across different scientific disciplines, and challenges traditional views on malocclusion, promoting a holistic approach that encompasses the complexity of the masticatory system. |
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| The introduction of Masticationpedia offers a deep and complex analysis on themes that span the evolution of science, with a particular focus on medicine and dentistry. It begins by examining the epistemological transformation of science through the lens of Kuhn's paradigms, emphasizing the importance of paradigmatic changes that science, including dentistry, has experienced and continues to experience. The document outlines the stages of paradigmatic change proposed by Kuhn, applying them to the field of dentistry, where it highlights a paradigmatic crisis that calls for an evolution towards new paradigms, especially in masticatory rehabilitation. The discussion extends to epistemology, considering how science acquires knowledge and addresses the issue of the verifiability of scientific theories. A critical emphasis is placed on the use and interpretation of the P value in scientific statistics, highlighting the ongoing debate about its reliability as an indicator.
| | ----{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}} |
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| The text strongly emphasizes the crucial role of interdisciplinary research, proposing the use of "metacognitive scaffolds" to overcome communicative difficulties between different disciplines. It proposes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to understanding masticatory disorders, particularly malocclusion, which is explored not only from the traditional orthodontic perspective but also through a broader lens that considers the masticatory system as a whole.
| | ==Ab ovo== |
| | Masticationpedia begins with essential preliminary considerations that encompass the social, scientific, and clinical dimensions of both contemporary and preceding eras. It discusses the major technological and methodological advancements that have shaped modern dentistry, setting the stage for an exploration of paradigm shifts within this field. |
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| Through the examination of a clinical case study, the traditional interpretation of malocclusion is questioned, suggesting that understanding malocclusion requires a view that considers the complexity of the masticatory system and its interaction with the nervous system. The introduction concludes by highlighting the importance of paradigmatic innovations that go beyond incremental improvements, to embrace a change in thinking that profoundly influences masticatory science.
| | === The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn === |
| | The last century has seen an exponential increase in technological and methodological innovations in dentistry. These advancements have significantly influenced decision-making strategies and schools of thought, impacting the field's axioms and ultimately aiming to improve the quality of life. Despite the benefits, such rapid advancements often conceal conceptual ambiguities or practical "side effects," challenging established scientific certainties and demanding more flexible and critical scientific approaches. This context serves as a backdrop for understanding Kuhn's model of scientific progression, characterized by phases of normal science, crisis, and revolution, which lead to new paradigms that better address emerging anomalies and integrate new scientific truths. |
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| This approach represents an invitation to overcome the limits of traditional dental conventions, proposing a model of understanding and treatment of masticatory disorders that is truly interdisciplinary, based on principles of open and inclusive science, oriented towards the acceptance of uncertainty, and the holistic evaluation of the patient.
| | ==== Kuhn's phases in Dentistry ==== |
| <center><div class="colour-button">[[Special:UserLogin&returnto=Introduction+Page|Read more]]</div>
| | Kuhn's theory on the evolution of scientific paradigms is particularly relevant to dentistry, a field that has undergone significant transformation over the past decades. The following are key phases as applied to dentistry: |
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| ==Introduction==
| | * ''Normal Science'': This phase involves day-to-day research based on existing theories and standards where dentistry practices evolve slowly and predictably. |
| This section introduces "Masticationpedia" by setting a historical and philosophical context based on Thomas Kuhn's theory of paradigm shifts within science, specifically his ideas on how scientific progress is punctuated by periods of revolutionary change<ref name="KuhnStructure">Kuhn, Thomas S. "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." Univ. of Chicago Press, 2012. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions]</ref><ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/thomas-samuel-kuhn/ Treccani, "Kuhn, Thomas Samuel"]. Or Wikipedia, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn Thomas Kuhn].</ref>. It details how recent technological and methodological "Innovations"<ref name="Heft2019">Heft MW, Fox CH, Duncan RP. "Assessing the Translation of Research and Innovation into Dental Practice." JDR Clin Trans Res. 2019. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31590599]</ref>, particularly in the field of dentistry, have prompted significant changes in scientific thought and practice, sometimes leading to challenges in established scientific certainties due to overlooked conceptual ambiguities<ref name="ExposureScience">"Exposure Science in the 21st Century. A Vision and a Strategy." Committee on Human and Environmental Exposure Science in the 21st Century; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK206806/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK206806.pdf]</ref><ref name="Liu2014">Liu L, Li Y. "The unexpected side effects and safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies." Drugs Today. 2014;50(1):33-50. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24524104]</ref>. Kuhn's framework is employed to discuss how science evolves through a series of discontinuous paradigm shifts rather than continuous progression<ref name="KuhnStructure" />, highlighting the cyclical nature of scientific advancements and setbacks as they pertain to masticatory science. The discussion elaborates on three critical phases of paradigm change—Normal Science, Crisis of the Paradigm, and Scientific Revolution—as they apply to the field of dentistry<ref name="KuhnImage">Image Source: "The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn." [File:The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn.jpg]</ref>, underscoring the transformative impact of new paradigms on scientific inquiry and medical practice. This narrative sets the stage for understanding the complex interactions between scientific theories and the practical realities they aim to model, particularly in the dynamic field of masticatory rehabilitation.
| | * ''Model Drift'': Anomalies begin to accumulate, leading practitioners to question the adequacy of existing norms. |
| | * ''Model Crisis'': Recognized anomalies undermine the existing paradigm, necessitating a comprehensive review of accepted practices. |
| | * ''Model Revolution'': A paradigm shift occurs as new theories and practices emerge that better accommodate the anomalies. |
| | * ''Paradigm Change'': The field stabilizes around the new paradigms until new anomalies eventually emerge. |
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| '''Epistemology''' is the branch of philosophy that studies the conditions and methods for acquiring scientific knowledge<ref>The term "epistemology" was likely coined by Scottish philosopher [[wpen:James Frederick Ferrier|James Frederick Ferrier]], as documented in his work ''Institutes of Metaphysic'' (1854). For more, see: [https://www.iep.utm.edu/ferrier/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on James Frederick Ferrier].</ref>. It addresses questions about the nature, scope, and validity of knowledge and is often used synonymously with 'theory of knowledge'.
| | == Epistemology== |
| | Epistemology in dentistry explores how knowledge is acquired and validated within the field, questioning the bases of what is considered established knowledge. The significant issue here involves the debate on statistical methods like the P-value, where the reliability of scientific theories is often contested. The discipline seeks more robust statistical methodologies to ensure that new findings are genuinely reflective of reality and can lead to effective treatments. |
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| Central to epistemology is the concept of verifiability, a principle that has evolved from the time of philosopher [[wpen:David Hume|David Hume]] to modern discussions in science and medicine<ref>Discussion on verifiability can be found in the works of Srivastava S, "Verifiability is a core principle of science," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2018. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/verifiability-is-a-core-principle-of-science/D46462A598492AFDB7AFB4975A313446 DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X18000869]</ref>. This includes challenges to traditional approaches like the use of P-values in statistical inference, highlighted by recent critiques in significant scientific journals<ref>See Amrhein V and others, "Scientists rise up against statistical significance," Nature, 2019. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30894741 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9]</ref>.
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| Epistemology also encompasses issues highlighted by Hempel's paradox about the logic of scientific inference<ref>Carl Gustav Hempel's "Raven paradox" explores these themes, detailed further in his philosophical discussions. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raven_paradox&oldid=942633026 Raven Paradox on Wikipedia]</ref>, and debates over the falsifiability criterion proposed by philosopher Karl Popper, emphasizing that no hypothesis can be completely verified.
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| Recent debates extend into the realm of interdisciplinarity in research, suggesting that modern science increasingly requires a blend of philosophical, practical, and technological knowledge to solve complex problems<ref>Interdisciplinary research challenges and paradigms are discussed by Boon M in "Epistemology for interdisciplinary research - shifting philosophical paradigms of science," European Journal of Philosophy of Science, 2019. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6383598/]</ref>.
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| {{qnq|In essence, epistemology seeks to clarify what it means to know something and how we can be sure of what we know.}}
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| ==Anomaly vs. Interdisciplinarity== | | ==Anomaly vs. Interdisciplinarity== |
| The exploration of '''epistemic evolution''' in science reveals a perceived conflict between the traditional "Physics Paradigm of Science" and the emerging "Engineering Paradigm of Science." The former focuses on individual disciplines and anomalies within those fields, while the latter promotes an interdisciplinary approach and uses metacognitive scaffolds to enhance understanding across disciplines. Contrary to initial appearances, these paradigms are not in opposition but are complementary, both contributing to what is termed "Paradigmatic Innovation"<ref>Discussion on the interaction between these paradigms can be found in the context of various scientific innovations and their impact on the field of dentistry, as detailed in Guven Y's "Scientific basis of dentistry," J Istanb Univ Fac Den, 2017. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5624148/]</ref>.
| | In dentistry, anomalies not explained by existing theories often prompt a reevaluation of standard practices. This section discusses how embracing interdisciplinary approaches can provide more comprehensive solutions that transcend traditional boundaries, leading to innovative treatments and paradigms in dental science. |
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| This synthesis becomes evident through the ongoing advancements in dentistry, influenced by both biological and digital revolutions, such as nanotechnologies and virtual reality simulations, which are redefining educational and clinical practices<ref>Zhao XF et al. "Diagnosis of biphenotypic acute leukemia: a paradigmatic approach," Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2010. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776262]</ref>. These technological and methodological innovations underscore the shift from mere incremental improvements to profound paradigmatic innovations that reshape our understanding and approach to scientific challenges. | |
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| Further, this section discusses the broader implications of such paradigmatic innovations, which transcend typical scientific boundaries to affect societal and theoretical perspectives globally. It aligns with Kuhn’s philosophy that scientific progress is not linear but occurs via paradigm shifts that reflect deeper conceptual revolutions within the scientific community and society at large.
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| {{qnq|Ultimately, this discourse advocates for a holistic view where interdisciplinary strategies are crucial for true scientific advancement, urging a move beyond old paradigms to embrace new, more integrative approaches.}}
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| ==Malocclusion== | | ==Malocclusion== |
| | The traditional understanding of malocclusion is critically examined, proposing a shift from seeing it merely as a dental alignment issue to understanding it as a complex interaction between various biological systems. This section emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment that considers not only the alignment of teeth but also the neuromuscular, psychological, and systemic health of the patient. |
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| "Malocclusion" refers to improper teeth alignment and comes from Latin "malum," meaning "bad" or "wrong". This term encompasses various types of misalignments affecting dental and jaw positioning <ref>The term "Malocclusion" was introduced by [[wpen:Edward Angle|Edward Angle]], known as the father of modern orthodontics. See more in Gruenbaum T, "Famous Figures in Dentistry", Mouth – JASDA, 2010, 30(1):18.</ref>.
| | ==Conclusion== |
| | | Masticationpedia concludes by reinforcing the importance of viewing the masticatory system through the lens of complex system theory, advocating for a paradigm shift in how dental health is approached. It calls for a holistic, interdisciplinary methodology that appreciates the intricate interactions within the masticatory system and the broader health implications of dental science. |
| The complexity of diagnosing malocclusion involves understanding the full spectrum of individual dental positioning as it relates to overall masticatory function. This condition does not only affect aesthetics but can also impact physical health and quality of life, leading to problems in eating, speaking, and even breathing.
| | [[Category:Strategic Dental Topics for Publication]] |
| | | ==Strategic Dental Topics for Publication== |
| A profound exploration in 2019 identified a vast range of literature on the subject, with over 33,309 articles listed on PubMed alone<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22malocclusion%22 Malocclusion articles on PubMed]</ref>, yet there was a significant variance in the diagnostic approaches and definitions used across the studies. This disparity points to a lack of consensus on what exactly constitutes malocclusion, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research and standardized diagnostic criteria.
| | Masticationpedia |
| | | Scientific Paradigms in Dentistry |
| Interdisciplinary approaches are particularly sparse, with only four documented instances of such research in 2019, suggesting that while malocclusion is frequently discussed, it is often treated within narrow scientific confines rather than through collaborative efforts that ................................<center><div class="colour-button">[[Special:RequestAccount|Read more]]</div>
| | Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift |
| </center>
| | Epistemology in Dentistry |
| | Masticatory Rehabilitation |
| | Interdisciplinary Dental Research |
| | Malocclusion Treatment |
| | Complex System Theory in Dentistry |
| | Dental Science Innovations |
| | Metacognitive Scaffolds in Science |
| | Holistic Dental Care |
| | Dental Anomalies and Solutions |
| | Scientific Progress in Dentistry |
| | Dental Paradigm Shifts |
| | Dentistry and Epistemological Shifts |
| {{Bib}} | | {{Bib}} |
| | | {{apm}}[[Category:Introduction]] |
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'Introduction'
Abstract
The introduction to Masticationpedia provides a comprehensive overview of how scientific paradigms evolve, with a special emphasis on medicine and dentistry. It explores the epistemological shifts influenced by Thomas Kuhn's notion of paradigm changes, emphasizing their profound impact on dental sciences, particularly in masticatory rehabilitation. The text advocates for an interdisciplinary approach, introducing "metacognitive scaffolds" to aid communication across different scientific disciplines, and challenges traditional views on malocclusion, promoting a holistic approach that encompasses the complexity of the masticatory system.
Ab ovo
Masticationpedia begins with essential preliminary considerations that encompass the social, scientific, and clinical dimensions of both contemporary and preceding eras. It discusses the major technological and methodological advancements that have shaped modern dentistry, setting the stage for an exploration of paradigm shifts within this field.
The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn
The last century has seen an exponential increase in technological and methodological innovations in dentistry. These advancements have significantly influenced decision-making strategies and schools of thought, impacting the field's axioms and ultimately aiming to improve the quality of life. Despite the benefits, such rapid advancements often conceal conceptual ambiguities or practical "side effects," challenging established scientific certainties and demanding more flexible and critical scientific approaches. This context serves as a backdrop for understanding Kuhn's model of scientific progression, characterized by phases of normal science, crisis, and revolution, which lead to new paradigms that better address emerging anomalies and integrate new scientific truths.
Kuhn's phases in Dentistry
Kuhn's theory on the evolution of scientific paradigms is particularly relevant to dentistry, a field that has undergone significant transformation over the past decades. The following are key phases as applied to dentistry:
- Normal Science: This phase involves day-to-day research based on existing theories and standards where dentistry practices evolve slowly and predictably.
- Model Drift: Anomalies begin to accumulate, leading practitioners to question the adequacy of existing norms.
- Model Crisis: Recognized anomalies undermine the existing paradigm, necessitating a comprehensive review of accepted practices.
- Model Revolution: A paradigm shift occurs as new theories and practices emerge that better accommodate the anomalies.
- Paradigm Change: The field stabilizes around the new paradigms until new anomalies eventually emerge.
Epistemology
Epistemology in dentistry explores how knowledge is acquired and validated within the field, questioning the bases of what is considered established knowledge. The significant issue here involves the debate on statistical methods like the P-value, where the reliability of scientific theories is often contested. The discipline seeks more robust statistical methodologies to ensure that new findings are genuinely reflective of reality and can lead to effective treatments.
Anomaly vs. Interdisciplinarity
In dentistry, anomalies not explained by existing theories often prompt a reevaluation of standard practices. This section discusses how embracing interdisciplinary approaches can provide more comprehensive solutions that transcend traditional boundaries, leading to innovative treatments and paradigms in dental science.
Malocclusion
The traditional understanding of malocclusion is critically examined, proposing a shift from seeing it merely as a dental alignment issue to understanding it as a complex interaction between various biological systems. This section emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment that considers not only the alignment of teeth but also the neuromuscular, psychological, and systemic health of the patient.
Conclusion
Masticationpedia concludes by reinforcing the importance of viewing the masticatory system through the lens of complex system theory, advocating for a paradigm shift in how dental health is approached. It calls for a holistic, interdisciplinary methodology that appreciates the intricate interactions within the masticatory system and the broader health implications of dental science.
Strategic Dental Topics for Publication
Masticationpedia
Scientific Paradigms in Dentistry
Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift
Epistemology in Dentistry
Masticatory Rehabilitation
Interdisciplinary Dental Research
Malocclusion Treatment
Complex System Theory in Dentistry
Dental Science Innovations
Metacognitive Scaffolds in Science
Holistic Dental Care
Dental Anomalies and Solutions
Scientific Progress in Dentistry
Dental Paradigm Shifts
Dentistry and Epistemological Shifts
Bibliography & references
Masticationpedia is a charity, a not-for-profit organization operating in dentistry medical research,
particularly focusing on the field of the neurophysiology of the masticatory system
