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Difference between revisions of "5° Klinischer Fall: Spontane elektromyographische Aktivität"

5° Klinischer Fall: Spontane elektromyographische Aktivität (view source)

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[[File:EMG Propofol.jpeg|center|thumb|600x600px|Abbildung 6: EMG-Ergebnis der experimentellen Verfahren. Zum besseren Verständnis folgen Sie dem Text]]
[[File:EMG Propofol.jpeg|center|thumb|600x600px|'''Abbildung 6:''' EMG-Ergebnis der experimentellen Verfahren. Zum besseren Verständnis folgen Sie dem Text]]


=== Conclusions ===
=== Schlussfolgerungen ===


==== Experimental conclusion ====
==== Experimentelle Schlussfolgerung ====
The EMG activity present in the examined subject cannot be defined as "Spontaneous activity" because it does not show characteristics of organic damage to the muscle fibers and/or the second motor neuron. If it were muscle fiber damage, the EMG activity would have remained even after <math>2 mg/kg </math> administration of propofol. Indeed, it was observed that doses of <math>2 mg/kg </math> propofol failed to reverse the fasciculations induced by administration of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine.<ref>Kararmaz A. Kaya S, TurhanogluS, Ozyilmaz A.: Effects of high-dose propofol on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47:180-184</ref> The EMG activity present in the subject cannot be described as "Incapacity to relax" because the term is too generic to refer to conditions of psychic disturbances and dystonic disorders. In oromandibular dystonias, in fact, there are phases of EMG silence when the patient is asked to deviate the jaw to one side in an attempt to stretch the muscle involved. This effect is determined by an additional input from the muscle proprioceptive fibers.
Die EMG-Aktivität, die beim untersuchten Probanden vorhanden ist, kann nicht als "Spontanaktivität" bezeichnet werden, da sie keine Merkmale eines organischen Schadens an den Muskelzellen und/oder dem zweiten Motoneuron zeigt. Wenn es sich um einen Muskelschaden handeln würde, wäre die EMG-Aktivität auch nach der Verabreichung von <math>2 mg/kg </math> Propofol bestehen geblieben. Tatsächlich wurde beobachtet, dass Dosen von <math>2 mg/kg </math> Propofol die Faszikulationen, die durch die Verabreichung von 1 mg/kg Succinylcholin verursacht wurden, nicht rückgängig machten.<ref>Kararmaz A. Kaya S, TurhanogluS, Ozyilmaz A.: Effects of high-dose propofol on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47:180-184</ref> Die EMG-Aktivität, die beim Probanden vorhanden ist, kann auch nicht als "Unfähigkeit zur Entspannung" beschrieben werden, da der Begriff zu allgemein ist, um auf Zustände psychischer Störungen und dystoner Störungen zu verweisen. Bei oromandibulären Dystonien gibt es tatsächlich Phasen der EMG-Stille, wenn der Patient aufgefordert wird, den Kiefer zur Seite zu bewegen, um den beteiligten Muskel zu dehnen. Dieser Effekt wird durch eine zusätzliche Eingabe von den propriozeptiven Fasern des Muskels bestimmt.


The disappearance of the EMG activity at doses of <math>2 mg/kg </math> propofol, a dose capable of interfering with the cortical, subcortical and striatal systems while maintaining the brainstem and pontobulbar functions intact, demonstrates that the pacemaker is at a higher level of the brainstem.
Das Verschwinden der EMG-Aktivität bei Dosen von <math>2 mg/kg </math> Propofol, einer Dosis, die in der Lage ist, mit den kortikalen, subkortikalen und striatalen Systemen zu interferieren, während gleichzeitig die Funktionen des Hirnstamms und des Ponto-Bulbären intakt bleiben, zeigt, dass der Schrittmacher auf einer höheren Ebene des Hirnstamms liegt.


The recorded EMG activity can finally be defined as "involuntary EMG activity" and responds to a pacemaker of central origin. This continuous EMG activity would determine, in the long run, damage to the myofibrils and myoglobin, an algogenic substance, would be the terminal cause of the pain reported by the patient.
Die aufgezeichnete EMG-Aktivität kann schließlich als "unwillkürliche EMG-Aktivität" definiert werden und reagiert auf einen zentralen Schrittmacher. Diese kontinuierliche EMG-Aktivität würde langfristig zu Schäden an den Myofibrillen und Myoglobin führen, wobei Myoglobin eine algogene Substanz ist und die letztendliche Ursache für die vom Patienten berichteten Schmerzen darstellen würde.
 
----Therefore, the patient was more likely to be affected by "Focal oromandibular dystonia" than by "Tempormandibular Disorders" accompanied by phenomena of bruxism even during the day. Pharmacological evidence, in fact, suggests that the central dopaminergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the craniocervical dystonia and bruxism.<ref>Watt MW, Tan EK, Jankovic J.: Bruxism and Cranial cervical dystonia: Is there a relationship? Behavioural Sciences. 1999; 17: 196-2011)   </ref> Lobbezo, in fact, demonstrated by PET imaging an abnormal lateral distribution in striatal D2-binding receptors in bruxism and craniocervical dystonias.<ref>Lobbezzo F, Soucy JP, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ.: Striatal D2 receptor binding in sleep bruxism: a controlled study with iodine 123 –iodobenzamide and single photon emission computer tomography. J Dent. Res. 1996 : 75 ; 1804-1810</ref> The fact that peripheral trauma may cause dystonia suggests that the sensory system may be important for the pathogenesis of focal dystonia and, in any case, it can interact only if the patient is genetically predisposed to develop a post-traumatic dystonia.<ref>Chuldler EH, Dong WK.: The role of basal ganglia in nociception and pain Pain 1995; 60: 3-38</ref> Using PET, thermal pain stimulation of the hand and the intradermal injection of capsaicin can determine an increase in the blood flow in the contralateral putamen and globus pallidus when compared with painless thermal stimuli.<ref>Jones AK, Brown WD, Friston KJ, Qi LY,Frackowiak RS.: Cortical and subcortical localization of response to pain in man using positron emission tomography. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1991; 244: 39-44</ref><ref>Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Byas-Smith M, Gracely RH, Max M, Seffiro T. et all.: Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of pain and allodynia in normal and patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993; 19: 1074</ref> Furthermore, the expression of the genes for prodynorphin, c-Fos and c-Jun is altered at the spinal and midbrain levels after painful stimuli.<ref>Bullitt E.: Introduction of c-Foslike protein whitin the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation. Brain Res 1989; 493: 391-7 </ref> In dystonics, using PET, peak blood flow in response to hand vibration was significantly reduced in both primary sensory and supplementary motor cortices when compared with normal subjects.<ref>Tempel LW, Perlmutter JS.: Abnormal cortical responses in patients with writer’s cramp Neurology 1993; 43: 2252-7</ref>  Dystonic manifestations in the patients were easily elicited by the "tonic vibration reflex" but were markedly attenuated by lidocaine blockade of the muscle spindles.<ref>Kaji R, Rothwell JC, Katayama M, Ikeda T, Kubori T, Kohara N, Mezaki T, Shibasaki H, Kimura J.: Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer's cramp. Ann Neurol. 1995 Aug;38(2):155-62</ref>
Therefore, the patient was more likely to be affected by "Focal oromandibular dystonia" than by "Tempormandibular Disorders" accompanied by phenomena of bruxism even during the day. Pharmacological evidence, in fact, suggests that the central dopaminergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the craniocervical dystonia and bruxism.<ref>Watt MW, Tan EK, Jankovic J.: Bruxism and Cranial cervical dystonia: Is there a relationship? Behavioural Sciences. 1999; 17: 196-2011)   </ref> Lobbezo, in fact, demonstrated by PET imaging an abnormal lateral distribution in striatal D2-binding receptors in bruxism and craniocervical dystonias.<ref>Lobbezzo F, Soucy JP, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ.: Striatal D2 receptor binding in sleep bruxism: a controlled study with iodine 123 –iodobenzamide and single photon emission computer tomography. J Dent. Res. 1996 : 75 ; 1804-1810</ref> The fact that peripheral trauma may cause dystonia suggests that the sensory system may be important for the pathogenesis of focal dystonia and, in any case, it can interact only if the patient is genetically predisposed to develop a post-traumatic dystonia.<ref>Chuldler EH, Dong WK.: The role of basal ganglia in nociception and pain Pain 1995; 60: 3-38</ref> Using PET, thermal pain stimulation of the hand and the intradermal injection of capsaicin can determine an increase in the blood flow in the contralateral putamen and globus pallidus when compared with painless thermal stimuli.<ref>Jones AK, Brown WD, Friston KJ, Qi LY,Frackowiak RS.: Cortical and subcortical localization of response to pain in man using positron emission tomography. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1991; 244: 39-44</ref><ref>Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Byas-Smith M, Gracely RH, Max M, Seffiro T. et all.: Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of pain and allodynia in normal and patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993; 19: 1074</ref> Furthermore, the expression of the genes for prodynorphin, c-Fos and c-Jun is altered at the spinal and midbrain levels after painful stimuli.<ref>Bullitt E.: Introduction of c-Foslike protein whitin the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation. Brain Res 1989; 493: 391-7 </ref> In dystonics, using PET, peak blood flow in response to hand vibration was significantly reduced in both primary sensory and supplementary motor cortices when compared with normal subjects.<ref>Tempel LW, Perlmutter JS.: Abnormal cortical responses in patients with writer’s cramp Neurology 1993; 43: 2252-7</ref>  Dystonic manifestations in the patients were easily elicited by the "tonic vibration reflex" but were markedly attenuated by lidocaine blockade of the muscle spindles.<ref>Kaji R, Rothwell JC, Katayama M, Ikeda T, Kubori T, Kohara N, Mezaki T, Shibasaki H, Kimura J.: Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer's cramp. Ann Neurol. 1995 Aug;38(2):155-62</ref>


These authors suggested three mechanisms that may explain the increased sensitivity to vibration: the loss of the normal inhibition of the Ia afferents, a "central" alteration, and an alteration of the excitability of the neuromuscular spindles resulting from an overactivity of motor neurons. Loss of normal inhibition was also found in other experiments; in dystonics, in fact, there is a rapid curve of the recovery cycle of the blink reflex and of the H wave.<ref>Tolosa E, Montserrat L, Bayes A.: Blink reflex studies in focal dystonias: enhanced excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia and spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 1988;3(1):61-9</ref>
These authors suggested three mechanisms that may explain the increased sensitivity to vibration: the loss of the normal inhibition of the Ia afferents, a "central" alteration, and an alteration of the excitability of the neuromuscular spindles resulting from an overactivity of motor neurons. Loss of normal inhibition was also found in other experiments; in dystonics, in fact, there is a rapid curve of the recovery cycle of the blink reflex and of the H wave.<ref>Tolosa E, Montserrat L, Bayes A.: Blink reflex studies in focal dystonias: enhanced excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia and spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 1988;3(1):61-9</ref>
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