Difference between revisions of "Hemimasticatory spasm"

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===Vestibular and trigeminal schwannoma===
===Vestibular and trigeminal schwannoma===
Secondary hemifacial spasm due to vestibular schwannoma is very rare. The study by S Peker et al.<ref>S Peker, K Ozduman, T Kiliç, M N Pamir. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346321/ Relief of hemifacial spasm after radiosurgery for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma.] Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;47(4):235-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-818485.</ref> was the first reported case of hemifacial spasm responsive to gamma knife radiosurgery in a patient with an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. Both spasm resolution and tumor growth control were achieved with a single session of gamma knife radiosurgery. The 49-year-old male patient with a 6-month history of right-sided hearing loss and hemifacial spasm. MRI examination revealed an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. The patient was treated with radiosurgery and received 13 Gy at the 50% isodose line. Control of tumor growth was achieved and there was no change in tumor volume at the latest follow-up at 22 months. The hemifacial spasm completely resolved after one year. Surgical removal of the presumably causative mass lesion has been reported to be the only treatment in secondary hemifacial spasm. <blockquote>MRI is the imaging modality of choice and is usually diagnostic in the appropriate clinical setting. The thin T2-weighted 3D CISS axial sequence is important for correct evaluation of the cisternal segment of the nerve. They are usually hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2 with enhancement after gadolinium. But we cannot be surprised if cases like the one described by Brandon Emilio Bertot et al<ref name=":02">Brandon Emilio Bertot, Melissa Lo Presti, Katie Stormes, Jeffrey S Raskin, Andrew Jea, Daniel Chelius, Sandi Lam. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451153/#!po=12.5000 Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature.]Surg Neurol Int. 2020 Aug 8;11:230. doi: 10.25259/SNI_482_2019.eCollection 2020.</ref> occur. in which a clinical case of a 16-year-old boy with an atypical incidence of a large trigeminal schwannoma presenting with painless malocclusion and unilateral masticatory weakness was presented. This case is the first documented case, to our knowledge, in which a trigeminal schwannoma generated a true malocclusion with masseter weakness and is the 19th documented case of unilateral trigeminal motor neuropathy of various etiology. From a study by Ajay Agarwal,<ref>Ajay Agarwal. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757116/ Intracranial trigeminal schwannoma] Ajay Agarwal. Neuroradiol J.2015 Feb;28(1):36-41. doi: 10.15274/NRJ-2014-10117.</ref> however, it is clear that intracranial trigeminal schwannomas are rare tumors. Patients usually present with symptoms of trigeminal nerve dysfunction, the most common symptom being facial pain. <gallery mode="slideshow" heights="200" caption="Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature">
Secondary hemifacial spasm due to vestibular schwannoma is very rare. The study by S Peker et al.<ref>S Peker, K Ozduman, T Kiliç, M N Pamir. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346321/ Relief of hemifacial spasm after radiosurgery for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma.] Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;47(4):235-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-818485.</ref> was the first reported case of hemifacial spasm responsive to gamma knife radiosurgery in a patient with an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. Both spasm resolution and tumor growth control were achieved with a single session of gamma knife radiosurgery. The 49-year-old male patient with a 6-month history of right-sided hearing loss and hemifacial spasm. MRI examination revealed an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. The patient was treated with radiosurgery and received 13 Gy at the 50% isodose line. Control of tumor growth was achieved and there was no change in tumor volume at the latest follow-up at 22 months. The hemifacial spasm completely resolved after one year. Surgical removal of the presumably causative mass lesion has been reported to be the only treatment in secondary hemifacial spasm. <blockquote>MRI is the imaging modality of choice and is usually diagnostic in the appropriate clinical setting. The thin T2-weighted 3D CISS axial sequence is important for correct evaluation of the cisternal segment of the nerve. They are usually hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2 with enhancement after gadolinium. But we cannot be surprised if cases like the one described by Brandon Emilio Bertot et al<ref name=":02">Brandon Emilio Bertot, Melissa Lo Presti, Katie Stormes, Jeffrey S Raskin, Andrew Jea, Daniel Chelius, Sandi Lam. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451153/#!po=12.5000 Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature.]Surg Neurol Int. 2020 Aug 8;11:230. doi: 10.25259/SNI_482_2019.eCollection 2020.</ref> occur. in which a clinical case of a 16-year-old boy with an atypical incidence of a large trigeminal schwannoma presenting with painless malocclusion and unilateral masticatory weakness was presented. This case is the first documented case, to our knowledge, in which a trigeminal schwannoma generated a true malocclusion with masseter weakness and is the 19th documented case of unilateral trigeminal motor neuropathy of various etiology. From a study by Ajay Agarwal,<ref>Ajay Agarwal. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757116/ Intracranial trigeminal schwannoma] Ajay Agarwal. Neuroradiol J.2015 Feb;28(1):36-41. doi: 10.15274/NRJ-2014-10117.</ref> however, it is clear that intracranial trigeminal schwannomas are rare tumors. Patients usually present with symptoms of trigeminal nerve dysfunction, the most common symptom being facial pain. <gallery mode="slideshow" heights="200" caption="Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature">
File:Scwannoma.jpeg|'''Figura 1:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale.
File:Scwannoma.jpeg|'''Figure 1:''' Preoperative MRI Figure Description: T1-weighted contrast MRI with axial, sagittal, and coronal views of 5.2 × 7.8 × 5.1 cm heterogeneous extra-axial enhancing mass centered in the mesial temporal region left with involvement of the skull base and left foramen ovale, teres and spinosa, encasement and moderate narrowing of the left internal carotid artery, mild obstructive hydrocephalus and marked compression of the brainstem.
File:Scwannoma 1.jpg|'''Figura 2:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale.Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica postoperatoria: la risonanza magnetica pesata in T1 con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali mostra una resezione quasi completa con un sottile bordo di tumore residuo lungo il margine durale laterale del seno cavernoso sinistro/piccola ala sfenoidale e all'estremità del pavimento della fossa cranica media sinistra che si estende posteriormente fino al tetto dell'osso temporale petroso sinistro.
File:Scwannoma 1.jpg|Figure 2: Preoperative MRI Figure Description: T1-weighted contrast MRI with axial, sagittal, and coronal views of 5.2 × 7.8 × 5.1 cm heterogeneous extra-axial enhancing mass centered in the mesial temporal region left with involvement of the skull base and left foramen ovale, teres and spinous, encasement and moderate narrowing of the left internal carotid artery, mild obstructive hydrocephalus and marked compression of the brain stem. Description of the postoperative MRI figure: T1-weighted MRI with axial, sagittal, and coronal views shows a nearly complete resection with a thin rim of residual tumor along the lateral dural margin of the left cavernous sinus/sphenoidal wing and at the end of the floor of the left middle cranial fossa extending posteriorly to the roof of the left petrous temporal bone.Preoperative MRI Figure Description: T1-weighted contrast MRI with axial, sagittal, and coronal views of 5.2 × 7.8 × 5.1 cm heterogeneous extra-axial enhancing mass centered in the mesial temporal region left with involvement of the skull base and left foramen ovale, teres and spinous, encasement and moderate narrowing of the left internal carotid artery, mild obstructive hydrocephalus and marked compression of the brain stem. Description of the postoperative MRI figure: T1-weighted MRI with axial, sagittal, and coronal views shows a nearly complete resection with a thin rim of residual tumor along the lateral dural margin of the left cavernous sinus/sphenoidal wing and at the end of the floor of the left middle cranial fossa extending posteriorly to the roof of the left petrous temporal bone.
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===Sclerosi multipla e riflessi trigeminali===
===Multiple sclerosis and trigeminal reflexes===
Dobbiamo fare un ulteriore premessa che riguarda la demielinizzazione assonale nelle sclerosi multiple. Uno studio di Joanna Kamińska et el.<ref>Joanna Kamińska, Olga M Koper, Kinga Piechal, Halina Kemona . [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28665284/ Multiple sclerosis - etiology and diagnostic potential].Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2017 Jun 30;71(0):551-563.doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3836.</ref> ha dimostrato che la sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia infiammatoria cronica e demielinizzante di origine autoimmune. I principali agenti responsabili dello sviluppo della SM includono fattori esogeni, ambientali e genetici. La SM è caratterizzata da un danno multifocale e temporalmente sparso del Sistema Nervoso Centrale (SNC) che porta al danno assonale. Tra i decorsi clinici della SM si possono distinguere la sclerosi multipla recidivante-remittente (SMRR), la sclerosi multipla secondaria progressiva (SPSM), la sclerosi multipla primaria progressiva (SMPP) e la sclerosi multipla progressiva recidivante (RPMS). A seconda della gravità dei segni e dei sintomi, la SM può essere descritta come SM benigna o SM maligna. La diagnosi di SM si basa sui criteri diagnostici di McDonald's, che collegano la manifestazione clinica con le lesioni caratteristiche dimostrate dalla risonanza magnetica (MRI); dall'analisi del liquido cerebrospinale (CSF) e dai potenziali evocati visivi. Va sottolineato che, nonostante gli enormi progressi per quanto riguarda la SM e la disponibilità di diversi metodi diagnostici, questa malattia rappresenta ancora una sfida diagnostica. Può derivare dal fatto che la SM ha un decorso clinico diverso e manca di un unico test di sensibilità e specificità diagnostiche appropriate per una diagnosi rapida e accurata. Proprio in riferimento a quest'ultima osservazione dobbiamo far presente un altro dato significativo emerso da uno studio di S K Yates and W F Brown<ref>S K Yates, W F Brown. The human jaw jerk: electrophysiologic methods to measure the latency, normal values, and changes in multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 1981 May;31(5):632-4.doi: 10.1212/wnl.31.5.632.</ref> in cui si legge che il jaw jerk del massetere è presente in tutti i soggetti di controllo ma comunemente assente nei pazienti con sclerosi multipla definita (SM). In alcuni pazienti con SM la latenza è stata prolungata. Le anomalie nel jaw jerk, tuttavia, sono meno frequenti rispetto alle risposte del blink reflex alla stimolazione del nervo sopraorbitario. Tuttavia, ci sono stati pazienti in cui i l blink reflex erano normali ma le risposte del jaw jerk anormali. <blockquote>L'ultima osservazione suggerisce che il jaw jerk può essere occasionalmente utile nel rilevamento di lesioni del tronco cerebrale nella SM.</blockquote>Ma a questo punto il dubbio diventa realtà: cosa dobbiamo pensare, allora, delle anomalie dei riflessi trigeminali emersi nella nostra Mary Poppins? Potremmo essere di fronte ad una forma di 'Sclerosi Multipla? Come facciamo a distinguere la localizzazione della eventuale demienizzazione se Centrale oppure Periferica? (Figura 3 e 4)
We must make a further premise regarding axonal demyelination in multiple sclerosis. A study by Joanna Kamińska et el.<ref>Joanna Kamińska, Olga M Koper, Kinga Piechal, Halina Kemona . [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28665284/ Multiple sclerosis - etiology and diagnostic potential].Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2017 Jun 30;71(0):551-563.doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3836.</ref> demonstrated that multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of autoimmune origin. The main agents responsible for the development of MS include exogenous, environmental and genetic factors. MS is characterized by multifocal and temporally scattered damage to the Central Nervous System (CNS) leading to axonal damage. Among the clinical courses of MS we can distinguish relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPSM), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and relapsing progressive multiple sclerosis (RPMS). Depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, MS can be described as benign MS or malignant MS. The diagnosis of MS is based on the McDonald's diagnostic criteria, which link the clinical manifestation with the characteristic lesions demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and visual evoked potentials. It should be emphasized that, despite enormous progress regarding MS and the availability of different diagnostic methods, this disease still represents a diagnostic challenge. It may result from the fact that MS has a different clinical course and lacks a single test of appropriate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Precisely in reference to this last observation we must point out another significant data that emerged from a study by S K Yates and W F Brown<ref>S K Yates, W F Brown. The human jaw jerk: electrophysiologic methods to measure the latency, normal values, and changes in multiple sclerosis.Neurology. 1981 May;31(5):632-4.doi: 10.1212/wnl.31.5.632.</ref> in which we read that the jaw jerk of the masseter is present in all control subjects but commonly absent in patients with sclerosis defined multiple (SM). In some MS patients the latency was prolonged. Jaw jerk abnormalities, however, are less frequent than blink reflex responses to supraorbital nerve stimulation. However, there have been patients in whom the blink reflex was normal but the jaw jerk responses were abnormal. <blockquote>The latter observation suggests that the jaw jerk may occasionally be useful in the detection of brainstem lesions in MS.</blockquote>But at this point the doubt becomes reality: what should we think, then, of the anomalies of the trigeminal reflexes that emerged in our Mary Poppins? Could we be facing a form of 'Multiple Sclerosis? How do we distinguish the location of any demyenization whether Central or Peripheral? (Figure 3 and 4)
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<center>
<center>
<gallery widths="350" heights="200" perrow="2" slideshow""="">
<gallery widths="350" heights="200" perrow="2" slideshow""="">
File:Spasmo emimasticatorio JJ.jpg|'''Figure 3:''' Riflesso mandibolare rilevato elettrofisiologicamente sui masseteri destro (tracce superiori) e sinistro (tracce inferiori).
File:Spasmo emimasticatorio JJ.jpg|'''Figure 3:''' Mandibular reflex detected electrophysiologically on the right (upper traces) and left (lower traces) masseters.
File:Spasmo emimasticatorio SP.jpg|'''Figure 4:''' Periodo silenzioso meccanico rilevato elettrofisiologicamente sui masseteri destro (tracce sovrapposte superiori) e sinistro (tracce sovrapposte inferiori)
File:Spasmo emimasticatorio SP.jpg|'''Figure 4:''' Mechanical silent period detected electrophysiologically on the right (upper overlapping traces) and left (lower overlapping traces) masseters
</gallery>
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</center>
</center>


===Adenoma pleomorfo===
===Pleomorphic adenoma===
L'adenoma pleomorfo è una comune neoplasia benigna delle ghiandole salivari caratterizzata dalla proliferazione neoplastica di cellule epiteliali (duttali) insieme a componenti mioepiteliali, con potenzialità maligna. È il tipo più comune di tumore delle ghiandole salivari e il tumore più comune della ghiandola parotide. Deriva il suo nome dal Pleomorfismo architettonico (aspetto variabile) visto al microscopio ottico. È anche noto come "tumore misto, tipo ghiandola salivare", che si riferisce alla sua doppia origine da elementi epiteliali e mioepiteliali in contrasto con il suo aspetto pleomorfo.
Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign neoplasm of the salivary glands characterized by neoplastic proliferation of epithelial (ductal) cells together with myoepithelial components, with malignant potential. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common tumor of the parotid gland. It derives its name from architectural pleomorphism (variable appearance) seen under an optical microscope. It is also known as a "mixed tumor, salivary gland type", which refers to its dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements in contrast to its pleomorphic appearance.


La diagnosi dei tumori delle ghiandole salivari utilizza sia il campionamento dei tessuti che gli studi radiografici. Le procedure di campionamento dei tessuti includono l'aspirazione con ago sottile (FNA) e la biopsia con ago centrale (ago più grande rispetto all'FNA). Entrambe queste procedure possono essere eseguite in regime ambulatoriale. Le tecniche di diagnostica per immagini per i tumori delle ghiandole salivari comprendono l'ecografia, la tomografia computerizzata (TC) e la risonanza magnetica (MRI). La TC consente la visualizzazione bilaterale diretta del tumore della ghiandola salivare e fornisce informazioni sulla dimensione complessiva e sull'invasione dei tessuti. La TC è eccellente per dimostrare l'invasione ossea. La risonanza magnetica fornisce una delineazione superiore dei tessuti molli come l'invasione perineurale rispetto alla sola TC come ben descritto da Mehmet Koyuncu et al.<ref>Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14663442/ Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.
The diagnosis of salivary gland tumors uses both tissue sampling and radiographic studies. Tissue sampling procedures include fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (larger needle than FNA). Both of these procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. Diagnostic imaging techniques for salivary gland tumors include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT allows direct bilateral visualization of the salivary gland tumor and provides information on overall size and tissue invasion. CT is excellent for demonstrating bony invasion. MRI provides superior delineation of soft tissues such as perineural invasion compared to CT alone as well described by Mehmet Koyuncu et al.<ref>Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14663442/ Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.
</ref>[[File:Cytopathology of pleomorphic adenoma.png|thumb|'''Figura 5:''' Esame istologico di un adenoma pleomorfo da [[wikipedia:Pleomorphic_adenoma|Wikipedia]] |alt=|center]]Quest'ultima osservazione molto importante perchè non si può escludere una invasione del tumore dei tessuti nervosi nella fossa infratemporale e proprio per la complessità della malattia, riportiamo un lavoro di Rosalie A Machado et al.<ref>. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90.
</ref>
 
[[File:Cytopathology of pleomorphic adenoma.png|thumb|'''Figure 5:''' Histological examination of a pleomorphic adenoma from [[wikipedia:Pleomorphic_adenoma|Wikipedia]] |alt=|center]]This last observation is very important because an invasion of the tumor of the nervous tissues in the infratemporal fossa cannot be excluded and precisely because of the complexity of the disease, we report a work by Rosalie A Machado et al.<ref>. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90.


doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.
doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.


Rosalie A Machado, Sami P Moubayed, Azita Khorsandi, Juan C Hernandez-Prera, Mark L Urken. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28246588/ Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma.] World J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.
Rosalie A Machado, Sami P Moubayed, Azita Khorsandi, Juan C Hernandez-Prera, Mark L Urken. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28246588/ Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma.] World J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.
</ref>, che può essere approfondito nel sub-capitolo di Masticationpedia '[[Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma]]' in cui gli autori confermano che ad oggi lo sviluppo di spasmi facciali non è stato segnalato in neoplasie parotidee. Le eziologie più comuni per lo spasmo emifacciale sono la compressione vascolare del nervo facciale omolaterale all'angolo cerebellopontino (definito primario o idiopatico) (62%), ereditario (2%), secondario alla paralisi di Bell o alla lesione del nervo facciale (17%) e imitatori di spasmi emifacciali (psicogeni, tic, distonia, mioclono, miochimia, mioritmia e spasmo emimasticatorio) (17%).
</ref>, which can be explored in depth in the sub-chapter of Masticationpedia '[[Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma]]' in which the authors confirm that to date the development of facial spasms has not been reported in parotid neoplasms. The most common etiologies for hemifacial spasm are vascular compression of the facial nerve ipsilateral to the cerebellopontine angle (defined as primary or idiopathic) (62%), hereditary (2%), secondary to Bell's palsy or facial nerve injury (17 %) and imitators of hemifacial spasms (psychogenic, tics, dystonia, myoclonus, myokymia, myorrhythmia and hemimasticatory spasm) (17%).


===Sclerodermia===
===Scleroderma===
Tiago Nardi Amaral et al. <ref>Tiago Nardi Amaral, Fernando Augusto Peres, Aline Tamires Lapa, João Francisco Marques-Neto, Simone Appenzeller. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23827688/ Neurologic involvement in scleroderma: a systematic review] Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Dec;43(3):335-47. doi: 10.1016/ j.semarthrit. 2013.05.002. Epub 2013 Jul 1.</ref> hanno descritto le caratteristiche cliniche, il neuroimaging e il trattamento del coinvolgimento neurologico nella sclerosi sistemica (SSc) e nella sclerodermia localizzata (LS) attraverso una revisione sistematica  
Tiago Nardi Amaral et al.<ref>Tiago Nardi Amaral, Fernando Augusto Peres, Aline Tamires Lapa, João Francisco Marques-Neto, Simone Appenzeller. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23827688/ Neurologic involvement in scleroderma: a systematic review] Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Dec;43(3):335-47. doi: 10.1016/ j.semarthrit. 2013.05.002. Epub 2013 Jul 1.</ref> described the clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and treatment of neurological involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and localized scleroderma (LS) through a systematic review  


Gli autori hanno effettuato una ricerca bibliografica in PubMed utilizzando i seguenti termini MeSH, sclerodermia, sclerosi sistemica, sclerodermia localizzata, sclerodermia localizzata "en coup de sabre", sindrome di Parry-Romberg, deterioramento cognitivo, memoria, convulsioni, epilessia, mal di testa, depressione, ansia, disturbi dell'umore, Centro per gli studi epidemiologici sulla depressione (CES-D), SF-36, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), neuropsichiatria, psicosi, coinvolgimento neurologico, neuropatia, nervi periferici, nervi cranici, sindrome del tunnel carpale, intrappolamento ulnare, sindrome del tunnel tarsale, mononeuropatia, polineuropatia, radicolopatia, mielopatia, sistema nervoso autonomo, sistema nervoso, elettroencefalografia (EEG), elettromiografia (EMG), risonanza magnetica (MRI) e angiografia con risonanza magnetica (MRA). I pazienti con altre malattie del tessuto connettivo responsabili del coinvolgimento del sistema nervoso sono stati esclusi dalle analisi.  
The authors carried out a literature search in PubMed using the following MeSH terms, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, localized scleroderma "en coup de sabre", Parry-Romberg syndrome, cognitive impairment, memory, seizures, epilepsy, headache , depression, anxiety, mood disorders, Center for Epidemiological Studies in Depression (CES-D), SF-36, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9 ), neuropsychiatry, psychosis, neurological involvement, neuropathy, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar entrapment, tarsal tunnel syndrome, mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy, radiculopathy, myelopathy, autonomic nervous system, nervous system, electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Patients with other connective tissue diseases responsible for nervous system involvement were excluded from the analyses.


Sono stati identificati un totale di 182 casi clinici/studi riguardanti la SSc e 50 riferiti alla LS. Il totale dei pazienti con SSc era 9.506, mentre erano disponibili dati su 224 pazienti con LS. Nella LS predominavano le convulsioni (41,58%) e il mal di testa (18,81%). Tuttavia, sono state fatte descrizioni di vari coinvolgimenti dei nervi cranici e di emiparesi. Il coinvolgimento del Sistema Nervoso Centrale nella SSc era caratterizzato da cefalea (23,73%), convulsioni (13,56%) e deterioramento cognitivo (8,47%). Depressione e ansia sono state osservate frequentemente (73,15% e 23,95%, rispettivamente). Miopatia (51,8%), neuropatia trigeminale (16,52%), polineuropatia sensomotoria periferica (14,25%) e sindrome del tunnel carpale (6,56%) sono stati il coinvolgimento più frequente del sistema nervoso periferico nella SSc. La neuropatia autonomica che coinvolge i sistemi cardiovascolare e gastrointestinale è stata regolarmente descritta. Il trattamento del coinvolgimento del sistema nervoso, invece, variava da caso a caso. Tuttavia, nei casi più gravi venivano solitamente prescritti corticosteroidi e ciclofosfamide. <blockquote>Ma questo non è tutto perchè ci sono alcune varianti della sclerodermia come la Morfea diagnosticata alla nostra povera paziente Mary Poppins che tra l'altro non ha risposto positivamente a terapia cortisonica.</blockquote>
A total of 182 case reports/studies addressing SSc and 50 reporting LS were identified. The total number of patients with SSc was 9,506, while data were available on 224 patients with LS. In LS, convulsions (41.58%) and headache (18.81%) predominated. However, descriptions of various cranial nerve involvement and hemiparesis have been made. Central Nervous System involvement in SSc was characterized by headache (23.73%), seizures (13.56%), and cognitive impairment (8.47%). Depression and anxiety were frequently observed (73.15% and 23.95%, respectively). Myopathy (51.8%), trigeminal neuropathy (16.52%), peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy (14.25%), and carpal tunnel syndrome (6.56%) were the most frequent peripheral nervous system involvement in SSc. Autonomic neuropathy involving the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems has been regularly described. The treatment of nervous system involvement, however, varied from case to case. However, in more severe cases corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide were usually prescribed.<blockquote>But this is not all because there are some variants of scleroderma such as Morphea diagnosed in our poor patient Mary Poppins who among other things did not respond positively to cortisone therapy.</blockquote>


====Morfea====
====Morphea====
La morfea è una forma di sclerodermia che coinvolge chiazze isolate di pelle indurita sul viso, sulle mani e sui piedi o in qualsiasi altra parte del corpo, senza coinvolgimento degli organi interni. La Morfea si presenta più spesso come macule o placche di pochi centimetri di diametro, ma può anche presentarsi come bande o in lesioni guttate o noduli.[<ref>James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 171. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7216-2921-0</nowiki>.</ref> La morfea è un ispessimento e indurimento della pelle e dei tessuti sottocutanei dovuto all'eccessiva deposizione di collagene. La morfea comprende condizioni specifiche che vanno da placche molto piccole che coinvolgono solo la pelle a malattie diffuse che causano deformità funzionali ed estetiche. Morphea si discrimina dalla sclerosi sistemica per la sua presunta mancanza di coinvolgimento degli organi interni.<ref>James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 171. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7216-2921-0</nowiki>.</ref>  
Morphea is a form of scleroderma that involves isolated patches of hardened skin on the face, hands and feet, or anywhere else on the body, without involvement of internal organs. Morphea most often presents as macules or plaques a few centimeters in diameter, but can also present as bands or in guttate lesions or nodules.<ref>James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 171. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7216-2921-0</nowiki>.</ref> Morphea is a thickening and hardening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to excessive collagen deposition . Morphea encompasses specific conditions ranging from very small plaques involving only the skin to widespread disease causing functional and cosmetic deformities. Morphea is distinguished from systemic sclerosis by its presumed lack of involvement of internal organs.<ref>James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 171. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7216-2921-0</nowiki>.</ref>


Purtroppo il cammino è ancora difficoltoso perchè la lunga serie di varianti non esclude una forma di Spasmo emimasticatorio da Morfea come ben descritto da H J Kim et al.<ref>H J Kim, B S Jeon, K W Lee. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768634/ Hemimasticatory spasm associated with localized scleroderma and facial hemiatrophy].Arch Neurol. 2000 Apr;57(4):576-80. doi: 10.1001/archneur.57.4.576.
Unfortunately the path is still difficult because the long series of variants does not exclude a form of Morphea-induced hemimasticatory spasm as well described by H J Kim et al.<ref>H J Kim, B S Jeon, K W Lee. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768634/ Hemimasticatory spasm associated with localized scleroderma and facial hemiatrophy].Arch Neurol. 2000 Apr;57(4):576-80. doi: 10.1001/archneur.57.4.576.
</ref> in cui si asserisce che sulla base dei risultati clinici ed elettrofisiologici trigeminali come il blink reflex, il jaw jerk ed il periodo silente masseterino, la demielinizzazione focale dei rami motori del nervo trigeminale a causa di alterazioni dei tessuti profondi è suggerita come causa di attività elettriche eccitatorie anormali con conseguente movimento masticatorio involontario e spasmo.<blockquote>Quest'ultima asserzione indica un coinvolgimento delle attività elettriche eccitatorie normali ed enfatiche.</blockquote>
</ref> in which it is asserted that on the basis of trigeminal clinical and electrophysiological findings such as the blink reflex, the jaw jerk and the masseteric silent period, focal demyelination of the motor branches of the trigeminal nerve due to deep tissue alterations is suggested as a cause of electrical activities abnormal excitatory movements resulting in involuntary chewing movement and spasm.<blockquote>The latter assertion indicates an involvement of normal and ephaptic excitatory electrical activities.</blockquote>


==Conclusioni==
==Conclusion==
Prima di discutere dei percorsi attuati per giungere alla diagnosi della nostra povera paziente Mary Poppins di 'Spasmo emimasticatorio' dovremmo anticipare che il codice criptato che si cercava di individuare come fenomeno di comunicazione riguarda la 'trasmissione efaptica', un fenomeno molto importante e complesso da evocare ma soprattutto richiede una descrizione della trasmissione elettrica tra neuroni.  
Before discussing the paths implemented to reach the diagnosis of 'Hemimasticatory spasm' of our poor patient Mary Poppins, we should anticipate that the encrypted code that we were trying to identify as a communication phenomenon concerns 'ephaptic transmission', a very important and complex phenomenon to evoke but above all requires a description of the electrical transmission between neurons.  


La segnalazione elettrica è una caratteristica fondamentale del sistema nervoso e gli conferisce la capacità di reagire rapidamente ai cambiamenti nell'ambiente. Sebbene la comunicazione sinaptica tra le cellule nervose sia percepita principalmente come mediata chimicamente, si verificano anche interazioni sinaptiche elettriche. Due diverse strategie sono responsabili della comunicazione elettrica tra i neuroni. Uno è la conseguenza di percorsi intercellulari a bassa resistenza, detti “gap junction”, per la diffusione di correnti elettriche tra l'interno di due cellule. Il secondo avviene in assenza di contatti cellula-cellula ed è una conseguenza dei campi elettrici extracellulari generati dall'attività elettrica dei neuroni. Nel capitolo dedicato a questo fondamentale argomento si discuteranno le nozioni attuali sulla trasmissione elettrica in una prospettiva storica mettendo a confronto i contributi delle due diverse forme di comunicazione elettrica alla funzione cerebrale. ( vedi [[Two Forms of Electrical Transmission Between Neurons|Two Forms of Electrical Transmission Between Neurons*)]]   
Electrical signaling is a key feature of the nervous system and gives it the ability to react quickly to changes in the environment. Although synaptic communication between nerve cells is primarily perceived as chemically mediated, electrical synaptic interactions also occur. Two different strategies are responsible for electrical communication between neurons. One is the consequence of low-resistance intercellular pathways, called “gap junctions,” for the diffusion of electrical currents between the inside of two cells. The second occurs in the absence of cell-cell contacts and is a consequence of the extracellular electric fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons. In the chapter dedicated to this fundamental topic, current notions on electrical transmission will be discussed in a historical perspective, comparing the contributions of the two different forms of electrical communication to brain function. ( see [[Two Forms of Electrical Transmission Between Neurons|Two Forms of Electrical Transmission Between Neurons*)]]   




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