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[[File:Spasmo emimasticatorio.jpg|right|200px]] | [[File:Spasmo emimasticatorio.jpg|right|200px]] | ||
This chapter and the series of sub-chapters will be mainly dedicated to the clinical case of our poor patient Mary Poppins who had to wait 10 years to get a certain and detailed diagnosis of 'Hemimasticatory Spasm', being between two focuses that of the dental and neurological context. besides all the other branches of medicine encountered in the diagnostic path, such as dermatology which diagnosed 'Morfea'. It would be too hasty to dismiss this clinical event by confirming the diagnosis of Hemimasticatory Spasm without understanding the reason for the diagnostic delay and even less to neglect the elements that could help the clinician to formulate a diagnosis in a more rapid and detailed way. | This chapter and the series of sub-chapters will be mainly dedicated to the clinical case of our poor patient Mary Poppins who had to wait 10 years to get a certain and detailed diagnosis of 'Hemimasticatory Spasm', being between two focuses that of the dental and neurological context. besides all the other branches of medicine encountered in the diagnostic path, such as dermatology which diagnosed 'Morfea'. It would be too hasty to dismiss this clinical event by confirming the diagnosis of Hemimasticatory Spasm without understanding the reason for the diagnostic delay and even less to neglect the elements that could help the clinician to formulate a diagnosis in a more rapid and detailed way. In this section of Masticationpedia, therefore, we would like to begin laying the foundations for a more formal language in medical diagnostics of the mathematical type and not the classic model in which ambiguity and vagueness can complicate the diagnostic process with sometimes dangerous decades-long delays for the life of the human being. We will therefore take up some contents already proposed in the 'Introduction' section and make them practical and clinically essential in the diagnosis of our patient Mary Poppins. | ||
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| autore = Gianni Frisardi | | autore = Gianni Frisardi | ||
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==Introduction== | |||
Before getting into the heart of the discussion regarding the pathology of our patient Mary Poppins, what from the previous chapters seems to be of a neuromotry type and in particular a 'Hemimasticatory Spasm' we should focus on some points to determine the process of decryption of the signal. | |||
Let's start by saying that it is not so complex to make a diagnosis of 'Hemimasticatory Spasm' but it is to make a differential diagnosis between 'Hemifacial Spasm' and the nature of the disease to direct the therapy. | |||
We should, first, consider induced movement disorders which can be defined as involuntary or abnormal movements triggered by trauma to the cranial or peripheral nerves or roots.<ref>Joseph Jankovic. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19555833/ Peripherally induced movement disorders] Neurol Clin. 2009 Aug;27(3):821-32, vii, doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2009.04.005.</ref> From this it is contextual to consider involuntary movements including spasms, also pathologies of the Central Nervous System as well as the peripheral one. In a study by Seung Hwan Lee et al.<ref>Seung Hwan Lee 1, Bong Arm Rhee, Seok Keun Choi, Jun Seok Koh, Young Jin Lim. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20845049/ Cerebellopontine angle tumors causing hemifacial spasm: types, incidence, and mechanism in nine reported cases and literature review.] Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010 Nov;152(11):1901-8. doi: 10.1007/s00701-010-0796-1.Epub 2010 Sep 16.</ref> two vestibular schwannomas, five meningiomas, and two epidermoid tumors were included. Hemifacial spasm occurred on the same side of the lesion in eight patients while it occurred on the opposite side of the lesion in only one patient. Regarding the pathogenesis of hemifacial spasms, the vessels were found to be involved in six patients, the tumor had involved the lining of the facial nerve in one patient, hypervascular tumor compression of the facial nerve without damage to the vessels in one patient, and a huge tumor which compressed the brainstem with involvement, therefore, of the contralateral facial nerve in one patient. Hemifacial spasm resolved in seven patients, whereas in two patients with a vestibular schwannoma and an epidermoid tumor, it improved transiently and then recurred after one month.<blockquote>Therefore, keep in mind localizations, including central ones, which could cause facial and/or masticatory spasm, for example, cases of vestibular schwannoma and epidermal tumor. </blockquote> | |||
===Vestibular and trigeminal schwannoma=== | |||
Secondary hemifacial spasm due to vestibular schwannoma is very rare. The study by S Peker et al.<ref>S Peker, K Ozduman, T Kiliç, M N Pamir. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346321/ Relief of hemifacial spasm after radiosurgery for intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma.] Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2004 Aug;47(4):235-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-818485.</ref> was the first reported case of hemifacial spasm responsive to gamma knife radiosurgery in a patient with an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. Both spasm resolution and tumor growth control were achieved with a single session of gamma knife radiosurgery. The 49-year-old male patient with a 6-month history of right-sided hearing loss and hemifacial spasm. MRI examination revealed an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma. The patient was treated with radiosurgery and received 13 Gy at the 50% isodose line. Control of tumor growth was achieved and there was no change in tumor volume at the latest follow-up at 22 months. The hemifacial spasm completely resolved after one year. Surgical removal of the presumably causative mass lesion has been reported to be the only treatment in secondary hemifacial spasm. <blockquote>MRI is the imaging modality of choice and is usually diagnostic in the appropriate clinical setting. The thin T2-weighted 3D CISS axial sequence is important for correct evaluation of the cisternal segment of the nerve. They are usually hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2 with enhancement after gadolinium. But we cannot be surprised if cases like the one described by Brandon Emilio Bertot et al<ref name=":02">Brandon Emilio Bertot, Melissa Lo Presti, Katie Stormes, Jeffrey S Raskin, Andrew Jea, Daniel Chelius, Sandi Lam. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7451153/#!po=12.5000 Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature.]Surg Neurol Int. 2020 Aug 8;11:230. doi: 10.25259/SNI_482_2019.eCollection 2020.</ref> occur. in which a clinical case of a 16-year-old boy with an atypical incidence of a large trigeminal schwannoma presenting with painless malocclusion and unilateral masticatory weakness was presented. This case is the first documented case, to our knowledge, in which a trigeminal schwannoma generated a true malocclusion with masseter weakness and is the 19th documented case of unilateral trigeminal motor neuropathy of various etiology. From a study by Ajay Agarwal,<ref>Ajay Agarwal. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757116/ Intracranial trigeminal schwannoma] Ajay Agarwal. Neuroradiol J.2015 Feb;28(1):36-41. doi: 10.15274/NRJ-2014-10117.</ref> however, it is clear that intracranial trigeminal schwannomas are rare tumors. Patients usually present with symptoms of trigeminal nerve dysfunction, the most common symptom being facial pain. <gallery mode="slideshow" heights="200" caption="Trigeminal schwannoma presenting with malocclusion: A case report and review of the literature"> | |||
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File:Scwannoma.jpeg|'''Figura 1:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale. | File:Scwannoma.jpeg|'''Figura 1:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale. | ||
File:Scwannoma 1.jpg|'''Figura 2:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale.Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica postoperatoria: la risonanza magnetica pesata in T1 con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali mostra una resezione quasi completa con un sottile bordo di tumore residuo lungo il margine durale laterale del seno cavernoso sinistro/piccola ala sfenoidale e all'estremità del pavimento della fossa cranica media sinistra che si estende posteriormente fino al tetto dell'osso temporale petroso sinistro. | File:Scwannoma 1.jpg|'''Figura 2:''' Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica preoperatoria: risonanza magnetica con contrasto T1 pesata con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali della massa di potenziamento extra-assiale eterogenea di 5,2 × 7,8 × 5,1 cm centrata nella regione temporale mesiale sinistra con coinvolgimento della base cranica e forame ovale, rotondo e spinoso sinistro, rivestimento e moderato restringimento dell'arteria carotide interna sinistra, lieve idrocefalo ostruttivo e marcata compressione del tronco cerebrale.Descrizione della figura della risonanza magnetica postoperatoria: la risonanza magnetica pesata in T1 con viste assiali, sagittali e coronali mostra una resezione quasi completa con un sottile bordo di tumore residuo lungo il margine durale laterale del seno cavernoso sinistro/piccola ala sfenoidale e all'estremità del pavimento della fossa cranica media sinistra che si estende posteriormente fino al tetto dell'osso temporale petroso sinistro. |
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