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Among these critical topics is "Craniofacial Biology".
Among these critical topics is "Craniofacial Biology".


We begin with an influential study by Townsend and Brook,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book
We begin with an influential study by Townsend and Brook,
| author = Townsend GC
<ref name=":0">{{Cite book  
| author2 = Brook AH
| autore = Townsend GC
| title = The face, the future, and dental practice: how research in craniofacial biology will influence patient care
| autore2 = Brook AH
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12157
| titolo = The face, the future, and dental practice: how research in craniofacial biology will influence patient care
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12157
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher = Australian Dental Association
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID = 24646132
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID = 24646132
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12157
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12157
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref> in which the authors challenge the current research paradigm, both theoretical and applied, in "Craniofacial Biology", aiming to derive clinical considerations and implications. One aspect they address is the "Interdisciplinary Approach", through which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven recognized the potential for exponential growth in the field of "Craniofacial Biology" due to technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CT scans, MRI imaging, laser scanning, image analysis, ultrasound, and spectroscopy.<ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Sperber GH
}}</ref> in which the authors challenge the current research paradigm, both theoretical and applied, in "Craniofacial Biology", aiming to derive clinical considerations and implications. One aspect they address is the "Interdisciplinary Approach", through which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven recognized the potential for exponential growth in the field of "Craniofacial Biology" due to technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CT scans, MRI imaging, laser scanning, image analysis, ultrasound, and spectroscopy.
| author2 = Sperber SM
<ref>{{Cite book  
| title = The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline
| autore = Sperber GH
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12131
| autore2 = Sperber SM
| volume =
| titolo = The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline
| work = Aust Dent J
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12131
| year = 2014
| volume =  
| publisher = Australian Dental Association
| opera = Aust Dent J
| city =
| anno = 2014
| ISBN =
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| PMID = 24495071
| città =  
| PMCID =
| ISBN =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12131
| PMID = 24495071
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMCID =  
| LCCN =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12131
| OCLC =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
}}</ref>
| LCCN =  
| OCLC =  
}}</ref>


Another topic of significant interest within 'Craniofacial Biology' is the recognition that biological systems are considered 'Complex Systems'.<ref>{{Cite book
Another topic of significant interest within 'Craniofacial Biology' is the recognition that biological systems are considered 'Complex Systems'.
| author = Brook AH
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Brook O'Donnell M
| autore = Brook AH
| author3 = Hone A
| autore2 = Brook O'Donnell M
| author4 = Hart E
| autore3 = Hone A
| author5 = Hughes TE
| autore4 = Hart E
| author6 = Smith RN
| autore5 = Hughes TE
| author7 = Townsend GC
| autore6 = Smith RN
| title = General and craniofacial development are complex adaptive processes influenced by diversity
| autore7 = Townsend GC
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12158
| titolo = General and craniofacial development are complex adaptive processes influenced by diversity
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12158
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher = Australian Dental Association
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID = 24617813
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID = 24617813  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12158
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12158
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref> 'Epigenetics' also plays a fundamental role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney have provided an in-depth critique in the field of epigenetics, with a particular focus on dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Williams SD
}}</ref> 'Epigenetics' also plays a fundamental role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney have provided an in-depth critique in the field of epigenetics, with a particular focus on dental and craniofacial disciplines.
| author2 = Hughes TE
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author3 = Adler CJ
| autore = Williams SD
| author4 = Brook AH
| autore2 = Hughes TE
| author5 = Townsend GC
| autore3 = Adler CJ
| title = Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry
| autore4 = Brook AH
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12155
| autore5 = Townsend GC
| volume =
| titolo = Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry
| work = Aust Dent J
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12155
| year = 2014
| volume =  
| publisher = Australian Dental Association
| opera = Aust Dent J
| city =
| anno = 2014
| ISBN =
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| PMID = 24611746
| città =  
| PMCID =
| ISBN =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12155
| PMID = 24611746  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMCID =  
| LCCN =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12155  
| OCLC =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
}}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, explored by these authors (see [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]), is a research area dedicated to measuring changes in teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors during development.<ref>{{Cite book
| LCCN =  
| author = Yong R
| OCLC =  
| author2 = Ranjitkar S
}}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, explored by these authors (see [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]]), is a research area dedicated to measuring changes in teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors during development.
| author3 = Townsend GC
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author4 = Brook AH
| autore = Yong R
| author5 = Smith RN
| autore2 = Ranjitkar S
| author6 = Evans AR
| autore3 = Townsend GC
| author7 = Hughes TE
| autore4 = Brook AH
| author8 = Lekkas D
| autore5 = Smith RN
| title = Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research
| autore6 = Evans AR
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12156
| autore7 = Hughes TE
| volume =
| autore8 = Lekkas D
| work = Aust Dent J
| titolo = Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research
| year = 2014
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12156
| publisher = Australian Dental Association
| volume =  
| city =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| ISBN =
| anno = 2014
| PMID = 24611797
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| PMCID =
| città =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12156
| ISBN =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMID = 24611797
| LCCN =
| PMCID =  
| OCLC =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12156
}}</ref> In this context, it is crucial to mention the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki, Finland, who highlighted the existence of numerous transient signaling centers in the dental epithelium that play key roles in the tooth development program.<ref>{{Cite book
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| author = Thesleff I
| LCCN =  
| title = Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic
| OCLC =  
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12102
}}</ref>
| volume =
In this context, it is crucial to mention the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki, Finland, who highlighted the existence of numerous transient signaling centers in the dental epithelium that play key roles in the tooth development program.
| work = Aust Dent J
<ref>{{Cite book  
| year = 2013
| autore = Thesleff I
| publisher =
| titolo = Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic
| city =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12102
| ISBN =
| volume =  
| PMID =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| PMCID =
| anno = 2013
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12102
| editore =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| città =  
| LCCN =
| ISBN =  
| OCLC =
| PMID =  
}}</ref>
| PMCID =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12102
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =  
| OCLC =  
}}</ref>


Additionally, the works by Peterkova R., Hovorakova M., Peterka M., and Lesot H., offer a fascinating overview of the processes involved in dental development.<ref>{{Cite book
Additionally, the works by Peterkova R., Hovorakova M., Peterka M., and Lesot H., offer a fascinating overview of the processes involved in dental development.
| author = Peterkova R
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Hovorakova M
| autore = Peterkova R  
| author3 = Peterka M
| autore2 = Hovorakova M
| author4 = Lesot H
| autore3 = Peterka M
| title = Three-dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition
| autore4 = Lesot H
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12130
| titolo = Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12130
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher = Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Australian Dental Association
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore = Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Australian Dental Association
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID =
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12130
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12130
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Lesot H
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Hovorakova M
| autore = Lesot H
| author3 = Peterka M
| autore2 = Hovorakova M
| author4 = Peterkova R
| autore3 = Peterka M
| title = Three-dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage
| autore4 = Peterkova R
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12132
| titolo = Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12132
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher =
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID =
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12132
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12132
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Hughes TE
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Townsend GC
| autore = Hughes TE
| author3 = Pinkerton SK
| autore2 = Townsend GC
| author4 = Bockmann MR
| autore3 = Pinkerton SK
| author5 = Seow WK
| autore4 = Bockmann MR  
| author6 = Brook AH
| autore5 = Seow WK
| author7 = Richards LC
| autore6 = Brook AH
| author8 = Mihailidis S
| autore7 = Richards LC
| author9 = Ranjitkar S
| autore8 = Mihailidis S
| author10 = Lekkas D
| autore9 = Ranjitkar S
| title = The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practicing oral health professionals
| autore10 = Lekkas D
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12101
| titolo = The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12101
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2013
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher =
| anno = 2013
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID =
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12101
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12101
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref> For completeness, the studies by Han J., Menicanin D., Gronthos S., and Bartold P.M., which have explored a wide range of research on stem cells, tissue engineering, and periodontal regeneration, cannot be omitted.<ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Han J
}}</ref> For completeness, the studies by Han J., Menicanin D., Gronthos S., and Bartold P.M., which have explored a wide range of research on stem cells, tissue engineering, and periodontal regeneration, cannot be omitted.
| author2 = Menicanin D
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author3 = Gronthos S
| autore = Han J
| author4 = Bartold PM
| autore2 = Menicanin D
| title = Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration
| autore3 = Gronthos S
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12100
| autore4 = Bartold PM
| volume =
| titolo = Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration
| work = Aust Dent J
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12100
| year = 2013
| volume =  
| publisher =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| city =
| anno = 2013
| ISBN =
| editore =  
| PMID =
| città =  
| PMCID =
| ISBN =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12100
| PMID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMCID =  
| LCCN =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12100
| OCLC =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
}}</ref>
| LCCN =  
| OCLC =  
}}</ref>


This review necessarily included discussions on genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences that, during morphogenesis, lead to variations in the number, size, and shape of teeth,<ref>{{Cite book
This review necessarily included discussions on genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences that, during morphogenesis, lead to variations in the number, size, and shape of teeth,
| author = Brook AH
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Jernvall J
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore = Brook AH
| author3 = Smith RN
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore2 = Jernvall J
| author4 = Hughes TE
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore3 = Smith RN
| author5 = Townsend GC
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore4 = Hughes TE
| title = The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore5 = Townsend GC
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12160
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> titolo = The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape
| volume =
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12160
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher =
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID =
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12160
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12160
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC = </ref><ref>{{Cite book
| LCCN =  
| author = Seow WK
| OCLC = </ref><ref>{{Cite book  
| title = Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: challenges for basic science research and clinical management
| autore = Seow WK
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12104
| titolo = Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: challenges for basic science research and clinical management
| volume =
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12104
| work = Aust Dent J
| volume =  
| year = 2014
| opera = Aust Dent J
| publisher =
| anno = 2014
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID = 24164394
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID = 24164394  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12104
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12104
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref>, as well as on the effect of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial functions.<ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Kieser JA
}}</ref> as well as on the effect of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial functions.
| author2 = Farland MG
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author3 = Jack H
| autore = Kieser JA
| author4 = Farella M
| autore2 = Farland MG
| author5 = Wang Y
| autore3 = Jack H
| author6 = Rohrle O
| autore4 = Farella M
| title = The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?
| autore5 = Wang Y
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12103
| autore6 = Rohrle O
| volume =
| titolo = The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?
| work = Aust Dent J
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12103
| year = 2013
| volume =  
| publisher =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| city =
| anno = 2013
| ISBN =
| editore =  
| PMID =
| città =  
| PMCID =
| ISBN =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12103
| PMID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMCID =  
| LCCN =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12103
| OCLC =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book
| LCCN =  
| author = Slavkin HC
| OCLC =  
| title = Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book  
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/
| autore = Slavkin HC
| volume =
| titolo = Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry
| work = J Dent Educ
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/
| year = 1983
| volume =  
| publisher =
| opera = J Dent Educ
| city =
| anno = 1983
| ISBN =
| editore =  
| PMID = 6573384
| città =  
| PMCID =
| ISBN =  
| DOI =
| PMID = 6573384  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| PMCID =  
| LCCN =
| DOI =  
| OCLC =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
}}</ref>. Furthermore, special mention is deserved for the exceptional work of Townsend and Brook, whose content aligns well with the reflections of another prominent author, HC Slavkin. Slavkin<ref>{{Cite book
| LCCN =  
| author = Slavkin HC
| OCLC =  
| title = The Future of Research in Craniofacial Biology and What This Will Mean for Oral Health Professional Education and Clinical Practice
}}</ref>
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24433547/
Furthermore, special mention is deserved for the exceptional work of Townsend and Brook, whose content aligns well with the reflections of another prominent author, HC Slavkin. Slavkin
| volume =
<ref>{{Cite book  
| work = Aust Dent J
| autore = Slavkin HC
| year = 2014
| titolo = The Future of Research in Craniofacial Biology and What This Will Mean for Oral Health Professional Education and Clinical Practice
| publisher =
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24433547/
| city =
| volume =  
| ISBN =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| PMID = 24433547
| anno = 2014
| PMCID =
| editore =  
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12105
| città =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| ISBN =  
| LCCN =
| PMID = 24433547
| OCLC =
| PMCID =  
}}</ref> asserts:
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12105
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =  
| OCLC =  
}}</ref>asserts:


The future holds countless opportunities to significantly improve the clinical outcomes of both congenital and acquired craniofacial malformations. Clinicians play a crucial role, as critical thinking combined with clinical experience greatly enhances diagnostic accuracy, and consequently, health outcomes.{{q2|I understand the progress of Science described by the authors but I do not understand the change in thought|Let me give you a practical example}}
The future holds countless opportunities to significantly improve the clinical outcomes of both congenital and acquired craniofacial malformations. Clinicians play a crucial role, as critical thinking combined with clinical experience greatly enhances diagnostic accuracy, and consequently, health outcomes.{{q2|I understand the progress of Science described by the authors but I do not understand the change in thought|Let me give you a practical example}}
Line 341: Line 354:
In the "[[Introduction]]", we raised some issues related to malocclusion. In this context, we examine the logic of the medical language used by the dentist when faced with the clinical case described in the "Introductory Chapter", including diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions.
In the "[[Introduction]]", we raised some issues related to malocclusion. In this context, we examine the logic of the medical language used by the dentist when faced with the clinical case described in the "Introductory Chapter", including diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions.


The patient has a unilateral posterior crossbite and an anterior open bite.<ref>
The patient has a unilateral posterior crossbite and an anterior open bite.
{{cite book
<ref>
|author=Littlewood SJ
{{cita libro
|author2=Kandasamy S
|autore=Littlewood SJ
|author3=Huang G
|autore2=Kandasamy S
|title=Retention and relapse in clinical practice
|autore3=Huang G
|titolo=Retention and relapse in clinical practice
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28297088
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28297088
|volume=
|volume=
|work=Aust Dent J
|opera=Aust Dent J
|year=2017
|anno=2017
|publisher=
|editore=
|city=
|città=
|ISBN=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=10.1111/adj.12475
|DOI=10.1111/adj.12475
|OCLC=
|OCLC=
}}</ref> The crossbite represents a deviation from normal occlusion<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref>The crossbite represents a deviation from normal occlusion
|author=Miamoto CB
<ref>{{cita libro
|author2=Silva Marques L
|autore=Miamoto CB
|author3=Abreu LG
|autore2=Silva Marques L
|author4=Paiva SM
|autore3=Abreu LG
|title=Impact of two early treatment protocols for anterior dental crossbite on children’s quality of life
|autore4=Paiva SM
|titolo=Impact of two early treatment protocols for anterior dental crossbite on children’s quality of life
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5962250/pdf/2176-9451-dpjo-23-01-00071.pdf
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5962250/pdf/2176-9451-dpjo-23-01-00071.pdf
|volume=
|volume=
|work=Dental Press J Orthod
|opera=Dental Press J Orthod
|year=2018
|anno=2018
|publisher=
|editore=
|city=
|città=
|ISBN=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=
|DOI=
|OCLC=
|OCLC=
}}</ref> and is therefore treated concurrently with the open bite.<ref>{{cite book
}}</ref> and is therefore treated concurrently with the open bite.
|author=Alachioti XS
<ref>{{cita libro
|author2=Dimopoulou E
|autore=Alachioti XS
|author3=Vlasakidou A
|autore2=Dimopoulou E
|author4=Athanasiou AE
|autore3=Vlasakidou A
|title=Amelogenesis imperfecta and anterior open bite: Etiological, classification, clinical and management interrelationships
|autore4=Athanasiou AE
|titolo=Amelogenesis imperfecta and anterior open bite: Etiological, classification, clinical and management interrelationships
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24987656/
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24987656/
|volume=
|volume=
|work=J Orthod Sci
|opera=J Orthod Sci
|year=2014
|anno=2014
|publisher=
|editore=
|city=
|città=
|ISBN=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=10.4103/2278-0203.127547
|DOI=10.4103/2278-0203.127547
|OCLC=
|OCLC=
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro
|author=Mizrahi E
|autore=Mizrahi E
|title=A review of anterior open bite
|titolo=A review of anterior open bite
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/284793
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/284793
|volume=
|volume=
|work=Br J Orthod
|opera=Br J Orthod
|year=1978
|anno=1978
|publisher=
|editore=
|city=
|città=
|ISBN=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|LCCN=
|PMID = 284793
|PMID = 284793
|DOI=10.1179/bjo.5.1.21
|DOI=10.1179/bjo.5.1.21
|OCLC=
|OCLC=
}}</ref> This reasoning suggests that the model (masticatory system) is 'normalized to occlusion'; inversely interpreted, it implies that an occlusal discrepancy is a cause of malocclusion, that is, a disorder of the Masticatory System. Hence, an intervention to restore proper masticatory function is justified. (Figure 1a).
}}</ref> This reasoning suggests that the model (masticatory system) is 'normalized to occlusion'; inversely interpreted, it implies that an occlusal discrepancy is a cause of malocclusion, that is, a disorder of the Masticatory System. Hence, an intervention to restore proper masticatory function is justified. (Figure 1a).
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This example is the classical logic language, as we will explain in detail, but now a doubt arises:
This example is the classical logic language, as we will explain in detail, but now a doubt arises:
Gianni
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