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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
In the previous chapter, dedicated to the "[[Logic of Medical Language: Introduction to Quantum Probability in the Masticatory System|Logic of Medical Language]]", we aimed to shift the focus from symptoms or clinical signs to an encrypted machine language. In this context, the arguments of Donald E. Stanley, Daniel G. Campos, and Pat Croskerry are particularly pertinent, especially when connected to the concept of time '''<math>t_n</math>''' as an information vector (anticipating the symptom) and to the consideration of the message as a machine language rather than a verbal language).<ref>{{Cite book
In the previous chapter, dedicated to the "[[Logic of Medical Language: Introduction to Quantum Probability in the Masticatory System|Logic of Medical Language]]", we aimed to shift the focus from symptoms or clinical signs to an encrypted machine language. In this context, the arguments of Donald E. Stanley, Daniel G. Campos, and Pat Croskerry are particularly pertinent, especially when connected to the concept of time '''<math>t_n</math>''' as an information vector (anticipating the symptom) and to the consideration of the message as a machine language rather than a verbal language).
| author = Stanley DE
<ref>{{Cite book  
| author2 = Campos DG
| autore = Stanley DE
| title = The Logic of Medical Diagnosis
| autore2 = Campos DG
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974509/
| titolo = The logic of medical diagnosis
| volume =
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974509/
| work = Perspect Biol Med
| volume =  
| year = 2013
| opera = Perspect Biol Med
| publisher =
| anno = 2013
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID = 23974509
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID = 23974509
| DOI = 10.1353/pbm.2013.0019
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1353/pbm.2013.0019
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| OCLC =  
| author = Croskerry P
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book  
| title = Adaptive Expertise in Medical Decision Making
| autore = Croskerry P
| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898?journalCode=imte20
| titolo = Adaptive expertise in medical decision making
| volume =
| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898?journalCode=imte20
| work = Med Teach
| volume =  
| year = 2018
| opera = Med Teach
| publisher =
| anno = 2018
| city =
| editore =  
| ISBN =
| città =  
| PMID = 30033794
| ISBN =  
| PMCID =
| PMID = 30033794
| DOI = 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898
| PMCID =  
| oaf = <!-- any value -->
| DOI = 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898
| LCCN =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| OCLC =
| LCCN =  
}}</ref>
| OCLC =  
}}</ref>  


However, this does not lessen the importance of the clinical history, established on a pseudo-formal verbal language, which has now firmly entrenched itself in clinical practice and has proven its diagnostic effectiveness. Our aim in emphasizing a machine language and the system is merely to provide an additional opportunity to validate Medical-Diagnostic Science. We are fully aware that our "Linux Sapiens" remains puzzled by what has been anticipated and continues to ponder.
However, this does not lessen the importance of the clinical history, established on a pseudo-formal verbal language, which has now firmly entrenched itself in clinical practice and has proven its diagnostic effectiveness. Our aim in emphasizing a machine language and the system is merely to provide an additional opportunity to validate Medical-Diagnostic Science. We are fully aware that our "Linux Sapiens" remains puzzled by what has been anticipated and continues to ponder.
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==Introduction==
We parted ways in the previous chapter on the ‘[[The logic of medical language|Logic of Medical Language]]’ in an attempt to shift the attention from clinical symptom or sign to encrypted machine language for which, the arguments of Donald E Stanley, Daniel G Campos and Pat Croskerry are welcome but connected to time <math>t_n</math> as an information carrier (anticipation of the symptom) and to the message as a machine language and not as a non-verbal language).<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Stanley DE
| autore2 = Campos DG
| titolo = The logic of medical diagnosis
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974509/
| volume =
| opera =  Perspect Biol Med
| anno = 2013
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 23974509
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1353/pbm.2013.0019
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Croskerry P
| titolo = Adaptive expertise in medical decision making
| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898?journalCode=imte20
| volume =
| opera =  Med Teach
| anno = 2018
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 30033794
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1484898
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref><br>Obviously, this does not preclude the validity of the clinical history built on a pseudo-formal verbal language by now well rooted in the clinical reality and which has already proved its diagnostic authority. The attempt to shift attention to a machine language and to the System provides nothing but an opportunity for the validation of Diagnostic Medical Science.
We are definitely aware that our Linux Sapiens is still perplexed about what has been anticipated and continues to wonder{{q4|... <!--11-->but... <!--12-->could the logic of Classical Language help us to solve poor Mary Poppins' dilemma?|<!--13-->a little patience, please}}
We cannot provide a conventional answer because science does not progress with assertions that are not justified by scientifically validated questions and reflections; and this is actually the reason why we will try to give voice to some thoughts, perplexities and doubts expressed on some basic topics brought into discussion in some scientific articles.
One of these fundamental topics is 'Craniofacial Biology'.
Let's start with a well known study by Townsend and Brook<ref name=":0">{{Cite book
| autore = Townsend GC
| autore2 = Brook AH
| titolo = The face, the future, and dental practice: how research in craniofacial biology will influence patient care
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12157
| volume =
| opera =  Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24646132
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12157
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>: in this work the authors question the status quo of both fundamental and applied research in 'Craniofacial Biology' to extract clinical considerations and implications. One topic they covered was the "Interdisciplinary Approach", in which Geoffrey Sperber and his son Steven saw the strength of the exponential progress of 'Craniofacial Biology' in technological innovations such as gene sequencing, CT scanning, MRI imaging, scanning laser, image analysis, ultrasonography and spectroscopy<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Sperber GH
| autore2 = Sperber SM
| titolo = The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12131
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24495071
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12131
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>.
Another topic of great interest for the implementation of 'Craniofacial Biology' is the awareness that biological systems are 'Complex Systems'<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Brook AH
| autore2 = Brook O'Donnell M
| autore3 = Hone A
| autore4 = Hart E
| autore5 = Hughes TE
| autore6 = Smith RN
| autore7 = Townsend GC
| titolo = General and craniofacial development are complex adaptive processes influenced by diversity
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12158
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24617813
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12158
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> and that 'Epigenetics' plays a key role in craniofacial molecular biology. Researchers from Adelaide and Sydney provide a critical review in the field of epigenetics aimed, in fact, at the dental and craniofacial disciplines.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Williams SD
| autore2 = Hughes TE
| autore3 = Adler CJ
| autore4 = Brook AH
| autore5 = Townsend GC
| titolo = Epigenetics: a new frontier in dentistry
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12155
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24611746
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12155
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> Phenomics, in particular, discussed by these authors (see [[wikipedia:Phenomics|Phenomics]])) is a general research field that involves the measurement of changes in the teeth and associated orofacial structures resulting from the interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during development.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Yong R
| autore2 = Ranjitkar S
| autore3 = Townsend GC
| autore4 = Brook AH
| autore5 = Smith RN
| autore6 = Evans AR
| autore7 = Hughes TE
| autore8 = Lekkas D
| titolo = Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12156
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24611797
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12156
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> In this same context, the work of Irma Thesleff from Helsinki, Finland, should be highlighted. She explains in her work that there are a series of transient signalling centres in the dental epithelium that play important roles in the programme of tooth development.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Thesleff I
| titolo = Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12102
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2013
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12102
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> Besides there are other works, by Peterkova R, Hovor akova M, Peterka M, Lesot H, providing a fascinating review of the processes that occur during dental development;<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Peterkova R
| autore2 = Hovorakova M
| autore3 = Peterka M
| autore4 = Lesot H
| titolo = Three‐dimensional analysis of the early development of the dentition
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12130
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore = Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Australian Dental Association
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12130
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Lesot H
| autore2 = Hovorakova M
| autore3 = Peterka M
| autore4 = Peterkova R
| titolo = Three‐dimensional analysis of molar development in the mouse from the cap to bell stage
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12132
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12132
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Hughes TE
| autore2 = Townsend GC
| autore3 = Pinkerton SK
| autore4 = Bockmann MR
| autore5 = Seow WK
| autore6 = Brook AH
| autore7 = Richards LC
| autore8 = Mihailidis S
| autore9 = Ranjitkar S
| autore10 = Lekkas D
| titolo = The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12101
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2013
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12101
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> for the sake of completeness, let's not forget the works by Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S, and  Bartold PM., who review comprehensive documentation on stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Han J
| autore2 = Menicanin D
| autore3 = Gronthos S
| autore4 = Bartold PM
| titolo = Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12100
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2013
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12100
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>
In this review, arguments could not be missing on genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences during morphogenesis that lead to variations in the number, size and shape of the tooth<ref>{{Cite book
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore = Brook AH
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore2 = Jernvall J
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore3 = Smith RN
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore4 = Hughes TE
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> autore5 = Townsend GC
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> titolo = The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki> url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12160
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12160
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC = </ref><ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Seow WK
| titolo = Developmental defects of enamel and dentine: challenges for basic science research and clinical management
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12104
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24164394
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12104
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> and the influence of tongue pressure on growth and craniofacial function.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Kieser JA
| autore2 = Farland MG
| autore3 = Jack H
| autore4 = Farella M
| autore5 = Wang Y
| autore6 = Rohrle O
| titolo = The role of oral soft tissues in swallowing function: what can tongue pressure tell us?
| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/adj.12103
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2013
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID =
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12103
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book
| autore = Slavkin HC
| titolo = Research on Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology: Implications for the Future of Academic Dentistry
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6573384/
| volume =
| opera = J Dent Educ
| anno = 1983
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 6573384
| PMCID =
| DOI =
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref>Townsend and Brook's extraordinary work too deserves a mention<ref name=":0" />,  and the intrinsic content of what has been reported in it matches equally well with another commendable author: HC Slavkin.<ref>{{Cite book
| autore = Slavkin HC
| titolo = The Future of Research in Craniofacial Biology and What This Will Mean for Oral Health Professional Education and Clinical Practice
| url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24433547/
| volume =
| opera = Aust Dent J
| anno = 2014
| editore =
| città =
| ISBN =
| PMID = 24433547
| PMCID =
| DOI = 10.1111/adj.12105
| oaf = <!-- qualsiasi valore -->
| LCCN =
| OCLC =
}}</ref> Slavkin asserts that:
:"''The future is full of significant opportunities to improve the clinical outcomes of congenital and acquired craniofacial malformations. Clinicians play a key role as critical thinking and clinical audience substantially improve diagnostic accuracy and therefore clinical health outcomes''."
{{q4|... <!--35-->I understand the progress of Science described by the authors but I don't understand the change of thought|<!--36-->I'll give you a practical example}}
In the chapter "[[Introduction]]" we  posed certain questions on the subject of malocclusion but in this context we simulate the dentist's logic of medical language when faced with the clinical case presented in the "Introduction chapter" with its diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions.
The patient has a posterior unilateral crossbite and an anterior openbite.<ref>
{{cita libro
|autore=Littlewood SJ
|autore2=Kandasamy S
|autore3=Huang G
|titolo=Retention and relapse in clinical practice
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28297088
|volume=
|opera=Aust Dent J
|anno=2017
|editore=
|città=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=10.1111/adj.12475
|OCLC=
}}</ref> The crossbite is another disturbing element of the normal occlusion<ref>{{cita libro
|autore=Miamoto CB
|autore2=Silva Marques L
|autore3=Abreu LG
|autore4=Paiva SM
|titolo=Impact of two early treatment protocols for anterior dental crossbite on children’s quality of life
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5962250/pdf/2176-9451-dpjo-23-01-00071.pdf
|volume=
|opera=Dental Press J Orthod
|anno=2018
|editore=
|città=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=
|OCLC=
}}</ref> for which it is compulsorily treated together with the openbite.<ref>{{cita libro
|autore=Alachioti XS
|autore2=Dimopoulou E
|autore3=Vlasakidou A
|autore4=Athanasiou AE
|titolo=Amelogenesis imperfecta and anterior open bite: Etiological, classification, clinical and management interrelationships
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24987656/
|volume=
|opera=J Orthod Sci
|anno=2014
|editore=
|città=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|DOI=10.4103/2278-0203.127547
|OCLC=
}}</ref><ref>{{cita libro
|autore=Mizrahi E
|titolo=A review of anterior open bite
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/284793
|volume=
|opera=Br J Orthod
|anno=1978
|editore=
|città=
|ISBN=
|LCCN=
|PMID  = 284793
|DOI=10.1179/bjo.5.1.21
|OCLC=
}}</ref> This type of reasoning means that the model (masticatory system) is 'normalized to occlusion'; and read in reverse, it means that the occlusal discrepancy is the cause of malocclusion, hence, a disease of the Masticatory System, and therefore an intervention to restore the physiological masticatory function is justifiable. (Figure 1a).
This example is Classical Logic Language, as we are going to explain in detail, but now a doubt arises:
:At the time when orthodontic and orthognathics axioms were constructing protocols confirmed by the International Scientific Community, were they aware of the information we discussed in the introduction to this chapter?
Certainly not because time '''<math>t_n</math> is the bearer of information''' but despite this cognitive limit we proceed with a very questionable Classical Language Logic for the safety of the citizen.{{q2|... <!--46-->this statement seems a bit risky!|<!--47-->sure, but the logical sequence has already been anticipated}}
If the same case were interpreted with a mindset that followed a 'System's language logic' (it will be discussed in the appropriate chapter), the conclusions would be surprising.
If we observe the electrophysiological responses performed on the patient with malocclusion in figures 1b, 1c and 1d (with the explanation made directly in the caption to simplify the discussion), we shall notice that these data can make us think about anything except a 'Malocclusion' and, therefore, the axioms of type orthodontic and orthognathics 'cause/effect' leave a conceptual void.<gallery widths="350" heights="282" perrow="2" mode="slideshow">
File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|'''Figure 1a:''' Patient with malocclusion, open bite and right posterior crossbite who in rehabilitation terms must be treated with orthodontic therapy and / or orthognathic surgery
File:Bilateral Electric Transcranial Stimulation.jpg|'''<!--52-->Figure 1b:''' <!--53-->Motor evoked potential from electrical transcranial stimulation of the trigeminal roots.Note the structural symmetry calculated by the peak-to-peak amplitude on the left and right masseters (traces upper and lower respectively)
File:Jaw Jerk .jpg|'''<!--54-->Figure 1c:''' <!--55-->Mandibular reflex evoked or jaw jerk by percussion of the chin through a triggered neurological hammer. Note the functional symmetry calculated by the peak-to-peak amplitude on the left and right masseters (traces upper and lower respectively)
File:Mechanic Silent Period.jpg|'''<!--56-->Figure 1d:''' <!--57-->Mechanical silent period evoked by percussion of the chin through a triggered neurological hammer. Note the functional symmetry calculated on the integral area of the right and left masseters (traces upper and lower respectively).
</gallery>
----
{{q4|<!--58-->Let me better understand what Classical Language Logic has to do with it|<!--59-->We will do it following the clinical case of our Mary Poppins}}
Gianni
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