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=== | === Clinical analysis === | ||
Patient who came to our attention from the Gastroenterology department due to a state of organic food wasting that was difficult to explain in the gastrointestinal diseases. The young patient (aged 40) to whom we give our usual invented name 'Flora' (name of the goddess of flowers in ancient Rome) had undergone maxillofacial surgery for a unilateral crossbite 5 years before she reached our attention. 'Flora' had never had any sensitivity disorder but only an aesthetic problem in smiling and minor masticatory problems such as to turn to a maxillofacial surgeon. The surgery consisted of a rapid surgical palate expansion but after an unquantified period of time there was a recurrence and at the same time slight forms of facial tingling especially in the upper perioral area together with an unexplained gingival recession of the right maxillary dental arch. A few months later, small skin vesicles began to form in her right perioral area, interpreted at the time as a vasculitis manifestation. (Figure 1) Our Flora obviously worried about these consequences relied on dental care both for gum recessions but also for psychological support given the relapses resolved palliatively with a biteplane with the intention of managing night-time stress. Over a period of another 10 months, the patient worried about the conspicuous worsening of her psychophysical conditions and excessive weight loss, decided to refer to a gastroenteric expert who excluded any gastrointestinal pathological form or attributable to malabsorption. (Figure 2) The gastroenterologist colleague had the intuition that perhaps the clinical manifestations of the patient Flora could be attributable to a masticatory difficulty and reported it to our 'Neurognathology' Centre. | |||
Our first approach, for those who have already followed the Masticationpedia diagnostic process, consisted of a quick classic gnathological analysis to which we gave a minimum specific weight given, clearly, the neuropsychophysical conditions in which the patient presented and therefore we bypassed the analysis of assertions in the dental context to immediately perform trigeminal electrophysiological tests. | |||
At the first approach by performing the jaw jerk we realized the seriousness of the clinical situation. The absence of the reflex on the right masseter concomitant with the recession of the right maxillary hemiarch and the skin vesicles gave rise to an important doubt: if we had wanted to attribute the locally performed operation on the maxilla to the intervention, we would have had to expect an electrophysiological deficit attributable to the trigeminal area V2 and not V3 because V2 does not affect the motor responses of the jaw jerk. (Figure 3) | |||
For this reason we have deepened the examination also performing the mechanical silent period of the masseters. (figure 4) The result was striking and confirms the organic damage due to the absence of the jaw jerk and contextually the decrease in duration of the silent period. Already these first two tests directed the pre-diagnosis to an organic/structural damage of the trigeminal nervous system, therefore, a further electrophysiological study of the clinical case was excluded and the patient was immediately directed to the neurophysiology departments. | |||
The ' <math>\tau</math> Demarcation' model was also bypassed so as not to waste further time, but we quickly performed an analysis to look for a more specific morbid form to approach the pre-diagnosis of organic damage. For this reason, the model of the Cognitive Neural Network (CNN) detailed in the previous chapters: | |||
{{q2|Cognitive Neural Network|...... pay attention to the initialization term and the order in which the 'queries' follow one another}} | |||
<center> | <center> | ||
<gallery widths="350" perrow="2" mode="slideshow"> | <gallery widths="350" perrow="2" mode="slideshow"> | ||
File:FOSMN 3.jpeg|Figure 1: | File:FOSMN 3.jpeg|'''Figure 1:''' Occlusal situation showing the crossbite due to relapse after orthognathic surgery | ||
File:FOSMN 2.jpeg|Figure 2: | File:FOSMN 2.jpeg|'''Figure 2:''' Skin appearance with the presence of perioral vesicles a few months after surgery | ||
File:FOSMN 4.jpeg|Figure 3: | File:FOSMN 4.jpeg|'''Figure 3:''' Absence of jaw jerk muscle potential on the right side | ||
File:FOSMN 5.jpeg|Figure 4: | File:FOSMN 5.jpeg|'''Figure 4:''' Absence of the jaw jerk muscle potential on the right side of the mechanical silent period and asymmetry in the duration of the inhibition period | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
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=== | === Cognitive Neural Network === | ||
From what emerges from the neurological statements, the 'State' of the Trigeminal Nervous System appears unstructured, highlighting anomalies of the trigeminal reflexes, therefore, the 'Initialization' command is the '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trigeminal+system+&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Trigeminal System]'to go and test the database (Pubmed). | |||
[[File:FOSMN.jpeg|border|right|500x500px]] | [[File:FOSMN.jpeg|border|right|500x500px]] | ||
*'''1<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' | *'''1<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' The 'Initialization' command '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trigeminal+system+&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Trigeminal System]', therefore, is considered as initial input for the Pubmed database which responds with 2,452 clinical/experimental data available to the clinician. The opening of the first true cognitive analysis is elaborated precisely on the analysis of the first result of the 'RNC' corresponding to ' Trigeminal System'. At this stage we realize that the reported datasets include a wide variety of subsets. For this reason we must always remain very generic and insert a corresponding key with an equally broad response that includes one of the signs and/or symptoms found in the anamnesis and clinical analysis. In this case the sensory disturbance reported by the patient will be the second query to be inserted into the network. | ||
*'''2<sup>st</sup> loop | *'''2<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' The [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trigeminal+system+AND+sensory&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 'Sensory]' key returns 666 articles on which to do cognitive brainstorming and that is to think about which other element should be inserted in order not to deviate the search from the pre-established set. For example, if in this stage we had entered the term 'jaw jerk' (which has emerged as a decisive test for the diagnosis) the network returns only one article (Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Neuropathic Orofacial Pain: Role of Clinical Neurophysiology). This article concerns a series of tests that can be used for the differential diagnosis in neuropathies but does not help us in researching the type of structural damage the patient is affected by. For this reason it is best to stick to a broad perspective of generic information such as 'Reflexes'. | ||
*'''3<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' Always bearing in mind that we are still in the starting set (Trigeminal System) the term ' [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trigeminal+system+AND+sensory+AND+reflexes&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Reflexes]' returns 58 scientific articles on which to continue to do cognitive brainstorming (CB<sub>ing</sub>), but how? CB<sub>ing</sub> consists of a dynamic intellectual analysis of the healthcare operator who, knowing the clinical complexity of the clinical case, manages to direct the search for the necessary information by extricating himself from the myriad of database connections that can lead to a dead end, in a sort of node that loses most of the specific information. This CBing is to narrow down to a few articles best related to our clinical case 'Flora'. The generic procedure could be to verify how many articles respond to several terms of clinical question in the same 3rd open loop quantifying their number and value in the context to then better choose the term to insert in the '4st loop closed' which would in fact close the first series of the RCN'. An example could be the following: | |||
* | * | ||
* | * | ||
# '''Sensory''': searching the text for the term 'Sensory' we will have 10 articles | |||
# '''Motor''': searching the text for the term 'Motor' we will have 6 articles | |||
# '''Sensory''': | # '''Abnormal''':searching the text for the term 'Abnormal' we will have only 3 articles on which to dwell to consider the second step of the 'RNC'. The three articles below are very specific in identifying the most suitable path to follow. Details are in the caption. We could have stopped here but the definitive diagnosis is also an important step for the colleagues who will take charge of our patient. | ||
# '''Motor''': | # Therefore the first section of the 'RCN' will conclude with the term 'Abnormality. | ||
# '''Abnormal''': | |||
# | |||
<Center> | <Center> | ||
<gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="3" caption="Cognitive Brainstorming su terzo loop open:"> | <gallery widths="250" heights="250" perrow="3" caption="Cognitive Brainstorming su terzo loop open:"> | ||
File:FOSMN1.jpeg|''' | File:FOSMN1.jpeg|'''Article 1:''' The article focuses on the electrophysiological anomalies most frequently present in migraine for which it is rejected because it is too generic and above all distant from the clinical case in question. Our patient did not suffer from migraine. | ||
File:FOSMN2.jpeg|''' | File:FOSMN2.jpeg|'''Article 2:''' The second article focuses on the hyperexcitability of the neck-trigeminal complex in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome so it is discarded because our patient did not report this symptom. | ||
File:FOSMN3.jpeg|''' | File:FOSMN3.jpeg|'''Article 3:''' This article is superimposable on our pre-diagnosis and reports signs and symptoms very similar to our patient, so it is considered as corresponding information and therefore a path to follow. The next step, therefore, will concern the 'Sensory and motor neuronopathy with facial onset' initialed as 'FOSMN'. | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
</Center> | </Center> | ||
*'''4<sup>st</sup> loop closed:''' | *'''4<sup>st</sup> loop closed:''' The term '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Trigeminal+system+AND+sensory+AND+reflexes+AND+abnormality&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Abnormality]'reduces the search to 12 articles which will also be subjected to detailed CBing from which a clinical m<nowiki/><nowiki/>anif<nowiki/><nowiki/>estation<nowiki/><nowiki/> ver<nowiki/><nowiki/>y close to the psychophysical state of our patient 'Flora' is extrapolated, a disease coined with the acronym FOSMN which stands for ' Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy'. | ||
* | * | ||
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* | * | ||
*'''5<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' | *'''5<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' As stated, we are inserting in the database no longer a term but an acronym '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Facial+onset+sensory+and+motor+neuronopathy+&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 FOSMN]' which corresponds to 'Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy'. The database returns 31 articles on which to process further requests. Up to now we have used generic terms in order not to lose the connection between nodes but now we need to go into more detail and insert terms that have been highlighted in the clinical and laboratory analysis such as, for example, electromyographic anomalies for which we insert the term 'EMG' . | ||
*'''6<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' | *'''6<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' The term '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=FOSMN+AND+EMG&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 EMG]' drastically reduces the CB<sub>ing</sub> to only 5 items to be carefully weighed to continue with the 'RNC' and since a serious EMG abnormality of amplitude and duration was highlighted in our 'Flora' we insert the term 'Abnormalities' in the database. | ||
*'''7<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' | *'''7<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' Of the three articles on the term'[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=FOSMN+AND+EMG+AND+abnormalities+&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Abnormalities'] he replies with returning 3 articles and we preferred to insert a more specific and advanced term of scientific studies, the 'motor evoked potentials' since this pathology is a sensory and motor clinical manifestation. | ||
*'''8<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' | *'''8<sup>st</sup> loop open:''' By inserting the term 'motor evoked potentials' in the database we have reached a conclusion point the typical 'Loop closed' that returns the article '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35599162/ Electrodiagnostic findings in facial onset sensory motor neuronopathy (FOSMN)]'. | ||
*'''9<sup>st</sup> loop closed:''' | *'''9<sup>st</sup> loop closed:''' As we have seen, the 'RNC' is a cognitive network model that helps the clinician to unravel the diagnostic complexity by searching, precisely, with a human cognitive dynamic and not machine learning, for a possible overlap of clinical elements as well as decrypting the encrypted signal sent out by the body. As we have verified, in fact, specifically in the cases of Mary Poppins and 'Bruxer'. However, of the 2452 articles of the set identified with the initialization world we arrived with only 8 loops to extract only one article '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35599162/ Electrodiagnostic findings in facial onset sensory motor neuronopathy (FOSMN)]<nowiki>''</nowiki> on which to do further brainstorming. | ||
* | * | ||
=== | === Final diagnosis === | ||
* | * | ||
The patient 'Flora' was, therefore, immediately referred to the trigeminal neurophysiology departments with a pre-diagnosis of 'Electrodiagnostic findings in facial onset sensory motor neuronopathy (FOSMN)' and we report the procedure that confirmed the diagnosis to make it more the diagnostic path that a clinical dentist should follow in such rare but dramatically serious cases is explanatory. In fact, the diagnosis is not linear in the first cases because the symptoms could be superimposed on various physiopathogenetic phenomena such as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), trigeminal neuralgia (TN), forms of trigeminal neuropathies such as 'isolated sensory trigeminal neuropathy' (TISN ) and that identified in this clinical case 'Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy' (FOSMN). This diagnostic process is required because in the case of TISN or FOSMN the prognosis is often poor. | |||
In Prof. Cruccu's Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, the patient underwent the following tests: | |||
==== | ==== Clinical and laboratory investigations ==== | ||
È stata valutata la funzione sensoriale trigeminale ed extra-trigeminale: il tatto è stato studiato con un batuffolo di cotone, la vibrazione con un diapason (128 Hz) e la sensazione di puntura di spillo con un bastoncino da cocktail di legno. La compromissione dell'andatura e la forza muscolare sono state valutate con il punteggio del Medical Research Council. E' stato anche chiesto di segnalare sintomi disautonomici. La paziente è stata sottoposta a test di laboratorio, inclusi test per escludere cause identificabili di neuropatia del trigemino: saggi di autoanticorpi per rilevare la malattia del tessuto connettivo (anticorpi antinucleari, anti-DNA a doppia elica, antigeni estraibili antinucleari, inclusi anti Sm, anti RNP, anti Scl70 e anti -fosfolipidi, anticorpi citoplasmatici antineutrofili e anti Ro/SSA e anti-La/SSB per la malattia di Sjögren). | È stata valutata la funzione sensoriale trigeminale ed extra-trigeminale: il tatto è stato studiato con un batuffolo di cotone, la vibrazione con un diapason (128 Hz) e la sensazione di puntura di spillo con un bastoncino da cocktail di legno. La compromissione dell'andatura e la forza muscolare sono state valutate con il punteggio del Medical Research Council. E' stato anche chiesto di segnalare sintomi disautonomici. La paziente è stata sottoposta a test di laboratorio, inclusi test per escludere cause identificabili di neuropatia del trigemino: saggi di autoanticorpi per rilevare la malattia del tessuto connettivo (anticorpi antinucleari, anti-DNA a doppia elica, antigeni estraibili antinucleari, inclusi anti Sm, anti RNP, anti Scl70 e anti -fosfolipidi, anticorpi citoplasmatici antineutrofili e anti Ro/SSA e anti-La/SSB per la malattia di Sjögren). | ||
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