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File:Capsaicinica.jpeg|'''Figura 4:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Motor trigeminal roots evoked potentials bRoot-MEPs. | File:Capsaicinica.jpeg|'''Figura 4:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Motor trigeminal roots evoked potentials bRoot-MEPs. | ||
File:Jaw jerk in capsaicinica.bmp.png|'''Figura 1:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Mandibular tendon reflex (jaw jerk) recorded on the right (top) left (bottom) masseter muscles | File:Jaw jerk in capsaicinica.bmp.png|'''Figura 1:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Mandibular tendon reflex (jaw jerk) recorded on the right (top) left (bottom) masseter muscles | ||
File:Immagine5.bmp.png|'''Figura 1:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Mechanical silent period recorded on masseter muscles right (top black corresponds to mean) left (bottom black corresponds to mean) | File:Immagine5.bmp.png|'''Figura 1:''' <math>\gamma_1=</math> Mechanical silent period recorded on masseter muscles right (top black corresponds to mean) left (bottom black corresponds to mean) | ||
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These results demonstrate the importance of chloride homeostasis in the regulation of the excitability of the neuronal DRGs, i.e. of the dorsal root ganglia and obviously of the trigeminal somatosensory nuclei and in the pain phenomenon as a whole; one of the new approaches, therefore, where to intervene to mitigate painful hypersensitivity and neurogenic inflammation. | These results demonstrate the importance of chloride homeostasis in the regulation of the excitability of the neuronal DRGs, i.e. of the dorsal root ganglia and obviously of the trigeminal somatosensory nuclei and in the pain phenomenon as a whole; one of the new approaches, therefore, where to intervene to mitigate painful hypersensitivity and neurogenic inflammation. | ||
TRPV1 | TRPV1 is activated by several agonists of natural origin. Agonists such as capsaicin and resiniferatoxin activate TRPV1 and, after prolonged application, cause the decrease of TRPV1 activity (desensitization), leading to pain relief through the subsequent decrease of TRPV1-mediated release of inflammatory molecules following administration. exposure to noxious stimuli. | ||
An interesting study by the Tominaga group extends the list of TRPV1 interactions also to [[wikipedia:ANO1|'''Anoctamin 1 (ANO 1)''']] also known as Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A)<ref name=":2">Yasunori Takayama, Daisuke Uta, Hidemasa Furue, and Makoto Tominaga. Pain-enhancing mechanism through interaction between TRPV1 and anoctamin 1 in sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2015; 21; 112(16): 5213-5218. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421507112. Epub 2015 Apr 6.</ref> a chloride channel which is usually activated by Ca2+. The authors demonstrate, in fact, that when TRPV1 interacts with the ANO1 channel it mediates the efflux of Chloride evoking depolarization (after stimulation by capsaicin) with increased excitability of the nociceptor. Tominaga<ref name=":2" /> highlighted a clear structural and functional crosstalk between TRPV1 and ANO1, which intervenes in the algogenic action of capsaicin. | |||
These results demonstrate the importance of chloride homeostasis in the regulation of the excitability of the neuronal DRGs, i.e. of the dorsal root ganglia and obviously of the trigeminal somatosensory nuclei and in the pain phenomenon as a whole; one of the new approaches, therefore, where to intervene to mitigate painful hypersensitivity and neurogenic inflammation. | |||
</ref> | {{Q2|Why, then, did the capsaicin taken in the food reported by the patient generate an exacerbation of pain?|....for chronic damage to the brainstem nerve fibers with consequent alteration of the neuro-immune homeostasis and contextual paradoxical effect of the analgesic action of capsaicin.}}In these cases, as stated in other chapters, we are dealing with an epistemological profile in which the basic knowledge, what we have called <math>KB</math> (Knowledge Base) corresponds to a temporal limit of scientific information and consequently serious difficulties of differential diagnosis. We had to wait 12 years to reach an ezipathogenetic conclusion overwritten from 1995, a period in which the patient 'Capsaicin' was being treated, to 2007 in which a research gave the elements to suspect the presence of an organic neurological damage with manifestations of pain and burning mouth.<ref>Z Yilmaz, T Renton, Y Yiangou, J Zakrzewska, I P Chessell, C Bountra, P Anand. Burning mouth syndrome as a trigeminal small fibre neuropathy: Increased heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in nerve fibres correlates with pain score. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 Sep;14(9):864-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.09.002. Epub 2007 Jun 19. | ||
</ref> Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is often an idiopathic, chronic intractable pain condition, affecting 1.5-5.5% of middle-aged and older women. We investigated heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1, and its regulatory nerve growth factor (NGF), in BMS. BMS patients (n=10) and controls (n=10) were evaluated for baseline and post-topical capsaicin pain scores, and their tongue biopsies were immunostained for TRPV1, NGF, and neurofilament structural nerve markers and periphery. Nerve fibers penetrating the epithelium were less abundant in the BMS (p<0.0001), indicating ''small fiber neuropathy''. TRPV1-positive fibers were overall significantly increased in BMS (p=0.0011), as were NGF fibers (p<0.0001) and NGF staining of basal epithelial cells (p<0.0147). There was a significant correlation between baseline pain score and TRPV1 (p=0.0143) and NGF (p=0.0252) fibers. A significant correlation was observed between baseline and post-capsaicin pain (p=0.0006). | |||
{{Q2|We are sure we know everything|}}{{bib}} |
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