Editor, Editors, USER, admin, Bureaucrats, Check users, dev, editor, founder, Interface administrators, member, oversight, Suppressors, Administrators, translator
11,073
edits
Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
===== Insertion activity ===== | ===== Insertion activity ===== | ||
In one subject, the insertion activity appears as high-frequency positive and negative spikes in a single group and are typically a representation of muscle fiber damage or mechanical stimulation due to needle penetration into the muscle. In our patient this activity occurred with a duration of 80 mS and was referable to a normal picture. Also note the phenomenon of plaque activity. If a needle electrode is held stationary at one point in the muscle, normal muscles at rest show absolutely no electrical activity except in the region of the neuromuscular endplate. These consist of two components: low amplitude (on the order of 10-50 μV) and low duration (1-2 msec) which to the loudspeaker EMG resemble the sound of sea shells on the ear. In our case (fig.1A) the total absence of plaque activity in the right masseter can be explained by the recording performed with surface electrodes which partially reduce the energy of the signal but the activity recorded on the left masseter, again with surface, has a width of<math>\approxeq100\mu V</math> . For the same reasoning, this activity should not be considered as plate activity since, as can be seen in fig. 1B, recording of the left masseter performed with a coaxial electrode, the amplitude is <math>\approxeq 400\mu V</math>. Sometimes plaque potential spikes are indistinguishable in waveform from fibrillation potentials which also show initial negativity when recorded near the plaque. Another curious element is the similarity of the discharge model between the discharges of the neuromuscular spindles and of the plate potentials, so much so that some authors<ref>Partanen JV, Nousiainen U. : End-plate spikes in the electromyography are fusimotor unit potentials. Neurology 1983; 33:039-1043, </ref> hypothesized that these potentials could originate from the intrafusal muscle fibers. The discussion and the electrophysiological meaning to be given to the electrical activity observable in fig. 1B. | In one subject, the insertion activity appears as high-frequency positive and negative spikes in a single group and are typically a representation of muscle fiber damage or mechanical stimulation due to needle penetration into the muscle. In our patient this activity occurred with a duration of 80 mS and was referable to a normal picture. Also note the phenomenon of plaque activity. If a needle electrode is held stationary at one point in the muscle, normal muscles at rest show absolutely no electrical activity except in the region of the neuromuscular endplate. These consist of two components: low amplitude (on the order of 10-50 μV) and low duration (1-2 msec) which to the loudspeaker EMG resemble the sound of sea shells on the ear. In our case (fig.1A) the total absence of plaque activity in the right masseter can be explained by the recording performed with surface electrodes which partially reduce the energy of the signal but the activity recorded on the left masseter, again with surface, has a width of<math>\approxeq100\mu V</math> . For the same reasoning, this activity should not be considered as plate activity since, as can be seen in fig. 1B, recording of the left masseter performed with a coaxial electrode, the amplitude is <math>\approxeq 400\mu V</math>. Sometimes plaque potential spikes are indistinguishable in waveform from fibrillation potentials which also show initial negativity when recorded near the plaque. Another curious element is the similarity of the discharge model between the discharges of the neuromuscular spindles and of the plate potentials, so much so that some authors<ref>Partanen JV, Nousiainen U. : End-plate spikes in the electromyography are fusimotor unit potentials. Neurology 1983; 33:039-1043, </ref> hypothesized that these potentials could originate from the intrafusal muscle fibers. The discussion and the electrophysiological meaning to be given to the electrical activity observable in fig. 1B. | ||
Line 72: | Line 71: | ||
This type of activity is found in denervated muscles but also in a variety of myogenic conditions. In figure 2 it is possible to observe a typical tracing of spontaneous activity of positive peak waves which, compared with the clinical case under examination (fig.1B), are clearly different. By fibrillation, on the other hand, we mean potentials with a duration of <math>1-5</math> <math>msec</math> and amplitude of <math>\approxeq 20-200\mu V</math> with biphasic or triphasic waveforms and initial positivity. Fibrillation potentials triggered by spontaneous oscillations in the membrane potential typically fire at frequencies of <math>1-30 Hz</math> with an average of <math>13Hz</math>. This phenomenon represents the spontaneous activity of one or more muscle fibers and is pathognomonic of denervation although it can appear in healthy muscles. The presence of reproducible discharges in at least two different areas of muscle usually suggests a secondary motor neuron disorder that includes anterior horn cell pathology, radiculopathies, plexopathies, axonal mono- and polyneuropathies as well as certain myopathies. | This type of activity is found in denervated muscles but also in a variety of myogenic conditions. In figure 2 it is possible to observe a typical tracing of spontaneous activity of positive peak waves which, compared with the clinical case under examination (fig.1B), are clearly different. By fibrillation, on the other hand, we mean potentials with a duration of <math>1-5</math> <math>msec</math> and amplitude of <math>\approxeq 20-200\mu V</math> with biphasic or triphasic waveforms and initial positivity. Fibrillation potentials triggered by spontaneous oscillations in the membrane potential typically fire at frequencies of <math>1-30 Hz</math> with an average of <math>13Hz</math>. This phenomenon represents the spontaneous activity of one or more muscle fibers and is pathognomonic of denervation although it can appear in healthy muscles. The presence of reproducible discharges in at least two different areas of muscle usually suggests a secondary motor neuron disorder that includes anterior horn cell pathology, radiculopathies, plexopathies, axonal mono- and polyneuropathies as well as certain myopathies. | ||
[[File:EMG fibrillazione.jpeg|left|thumb|'''Figura 3:''' Tracciato di attività spontanea di fibrillazione in muscolo denervato.]] | [[File:EMG fibrillazione.jpeg|left|thumb|'''Figura 3:''' Tracciato di attività spontanea di fibrillazione in muscolo denervato.]] | ||
In | In figure 3 we can observe a typical trace of spontaneous activity from denervation and compare it with the trace in figure 1C in which electrophysiological differences can be noted. The spontaneous fibrillation activity has an amplitude of <math>\approxeq 200\mu V</math> , the frequency <math>13Hz</math> appears to be random while in the reported clinical case (fig.1C) the amplitude was <math>\approxeq 400\mu V</math> and the highest frequency but particularly stable almost signifying a central pacemaker. | ||
To avoid terminological and clinical confusion between fibrillation and fasciculation Danny-Brown and Pennybacker<ref>Danny-Brown D, Pennybacker JB.: Fibrillation and fasciculation in voluntary muscle. Brain 1938; 61: 311-332</ref> proposed the term fasciculation to describe the spontaneous twitch of motor units. Fasciculations, therefore, represent the spontaneous discharge of a group of muscle fibers referable to the entire or partial part of the motor unit. Isolated firing of a motor unit with complex bursts of repetitive firing causes vermicular movements of the skin called myokymia.<ref>Sindermann F,Conrad B, Jacobi HM, Prochazka VJ.: Unusual properties of repetitive fasciculation Elctroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1973; 35: 173-179</ref>[[File:Fascicolazioni .jpeg|thumb|'''Figura 4:''' Fascicolazioni del muscolo orbicolaris oculi sinistro.]] | |||
[[File:Fascicolazioni .jpeg|thumb|'''Figura 4:''' Fascicolazioni del muscolo orbicolaris oculi sinistro.]] | Repetitive firings of the same motor unit occur in bursts at regular intervals of <math>0.1-10sec</math> with <math>2-10</math> spikes firing at in each burst <math>30-40 Hz</math>. Fasciculation potentials are typically associated with anterior horn cell pathologies but are also seen in radiculopathies, entrapment neuropathies, and muscle pain fasciculation syndrome. Figure 4 shows a clear example of fasciculations of the orbicularis oculi muscle which, compared with the traces of the clinical case (fig. 1B and C), shows a total morphological diversity and temporal representation. This diversity would strengthen the exclusion of a denervation pathology. | ||
===== | ===== Motor Unit Potentials ===== | ||
A motor unit can be defined by amplitude, rise time, duration and phases as will be further described in the chapter 'Electromyography'. The recorded amplitude varies widely with the position of the electrode tip relative to the discharged ion current source, so a skilled operator selects a motor unit potential with a rise time of <math>\approxeq 500\mu sec</math> to be certain of proximity to the source. The amplitude in the normal range goes from hundreds to <math>\mu V</math> a few <math>m V</math> and the duration from <math>5-10 msec</math>. For the facial muscles, in particular, we refer to the values reported by Buchthal<ref>Buchtal F: An introduction to electromyography Scandinavian University Books. Copenhagen 1957</ref> whose range is <math>4,2-7,5 msec</math> for a maximum <math>75</math> age of years. Biphasic or triphasic motor unit potentials are also present in normal muscles with an average of motor units <math>5-15%</math>with <math>4</math> or more phases | |||
[[File:EMG polifasico.jpeg|left|thumb|'''Figura 5:''' Tracciato MUAP polifasico]] | [[File:EMG polifasico.jpeg|left|thumb|'''Figura 5:''' Tracciato MUAP polifasico]] | ||
The number of polyphasic units increases both in myopathies, neuropathies or motor neuron pathologies. Polyphasia therefore indicates a temporal dispersion of muscle fiber potentials within a motor unit. In some abnormalities called doublets or triplets a motor unit fires two or three times at a very short time interval and are representative of a metabolic disorder associated with hyperexcitability of the motoneural pool. In figure 5 we can observe a typical tracing of minimal voluntary activity of polyphasic MUAP and a double that represents a motor neuron pathology state. Comparing this recording of pathological motor unit with some of the fig.1C, and in particular the 5,7,13 and 23 with the values of respective amplitude <math>678\mu V;419\mu V3;686\mu V e 530\mu V</math>duration <math>8.2, 4.2,6.2 msec </math> and <math>8.4 msec </math> we can state that the activity recorded on the left masseter, of the clinical case in question, it has no electrophysiological characteristics that can be superimposed on a picture of damage to the II motor neuron. | |||
In | |||
===== | ===== Interferential pattern ===== | ||
Increasing the contraction greatly increases the motor units which start firing very rapidly and this precludes the identification of individual motor unit potentials. This phenomenon has been given the name of interference pattern. The density of the spikes and the average amplitude of the summed responses are determined by a series of factors such as: the descending output from the cortex, the number of motor neurons capable of firing, the firing frequency of each motor unit, the waveform of individual potentials and the probability of phase cancellation (collision). In our clinical case, the interference pattern recorded on the masseters was normal in both amplitude and frequency. | |||
From the detailed analysis of the EMG tracing relating to the clinical case described, we can confirm the absence of organic damage to the motor unit and/or muscle fibers for the various reasons explained, such as: the absence of spontaneous activity, the normal morphology of the motor unit and interferential recruitment. The presence of EMG activity recorded on the left masseter still remains to be interpreted (fig.1) which, referring to the concepts described above, cannot be called "spontaneous activity" because it is not an expression of denervation, nor "lack of muscle relaxation" as the patient is unable to relax the muscle voluntarily or with stretching manoeuvres, nor of “EMG activity at rest due to psychic disorder as the psychometric tests are negative.{{q2|This activity seems to respond to a pacemaker of central origin which fires at a stable frequency on second order motor neurons (trigeminal motor nucleus). Unfortunately it is difficult to say whether this activity is due to a functional disorder of the motor neuron II or of the cortical and/or subcortical system.|}} | |||
==== Pharmacological experimental study ==== | |||
An experimental study was proposed, with the consent of the patient, in which an attempt was made to pharmacologically uncouple the brainstem neuronal activity from the cortical one. Simultaneously with the pharmacological uncoupling, the EMG activity with a coaxial needle on the left masseter was monitored and contextually the blink reflex. The experimental model, which we are going to explain briefly, was created through two essential elements, namely: the choice of the specific anesthetic for the purpose of the study (propofol) and the control of the electrophysiological activity of the brainstem through the blink reflex | |||
'''Propofol | ===== '''Propofol''' ===== | ||
The effects of anesthetics produce loss of consciousness, memory, changes in spontaneous activity, attenuation of protective reflexes, loss of postural reflexes and also adverse effects such as hallucinations, euphoria and amnesia. Furthermore they may affect the level or homeostasis of neurotransmitters in the brain such as dopamine, noraepinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh).<ref>Angel A. : Central neuronal pathways and the process of anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1993; 71:148-163</ref> Ach was the first neurotransmitter to be described and cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in the brain. Cholinergic mechanisms are known to be important in the striatum where a balance between dopamine and ACh release ensures normal motor output,<ref>Iversen SD.: Behavioural evaluation of cholinergic drug. Life Sciences 1997; 60: 1145-1152</ref> hippocampus and frontal cortex where ACh plays an important role in the regulation of consciousness, memory etc. | |||
Propofol is thought to potentiate the inhibitory effect of GABAA receptors and to have a different action from barbiturates or benzodiazepines. An elegant study<ref>Kikuchi T, Wang Y, Sato K, Okumura F.: In vivo effects of propofol on aceylcholine release from the fronatl cortex, hippocampus and striatum studied by intracerebral microdialysis in freely moving rats</ref> carried out through intracerebral microdialysis in mice demonstrated that propofol, with doses of 50 mg/kg, decreased the release of ACh from the frontal cortex by 85%, by 72% by the hippocampus and by 19% by the striatum. | |||
'''Blink reflex | ===== '''Blink reflex''' ===== | ||
The blink is a reflex that is evoked by hitting the eyebrow region on one side of the forehead. Electrophysiologically it is possible to evoke it by applying an electrical stimulus on the eyebrow arch in correspondence with the supraorbital foramen. The responses are recorded through two surface electrodes positioned on the orbicularis oculi muscle on each side and the motor potentials can be mainly represented by two events, namely the ipsilateral R1 response to stimulation and the bilateral R2. These responses represent a monosynaptic and polysynaptic circuitry for R1 and R2 respectively. The R1 response was considered to follow a trigeminal pathway in the pons while the R2 via a pathway adjacent the reticular formation reaches the facial nuclei.<ref>Ongerboer de Visser BW, Kuypers HG (1978): Late blink reflex changes in lateral medullary lesions. An electrophysiological and neuro-anatomical study of Wallenberg's syndrome. ''Brain'' '''101''': 285-294. </ref><ref>Ongerboer de Visser BW (1983b): Comparative study of corneal and blink reflex latencies in patients with segmental or with cerebral lesions. In: Desmedt JE , editor. ''Advances in neurology''. New York: Raven Press. p 757-772.</ref><ref>Ongerboer de Visser BW (1983b): Comparative study of corneal and blink reflex latencies in patients with segmental or with cerebral lesions. In: Desmedt JE , editor. ''Advances in neurology''. New York: Raven Press. p 757-772.</ref> | |||
The main neural circuitry of the blink reflex is located in the brainstem but recent work, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has demonstrated that two main areas in the posterior lobe of the cerebellar hemisphere, mainly on the side ipsilateral to the stimulation, are activated during the blink reflexes in humans.<ref>Dimitrova A, Weber J, Maschke M, Elles HG, Kolb FP, Forsting M, Diener HC, Timmann D. Eyeblink-related areas in human cerebellum as shown by fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Oct;17(2):100-15.</ref> | |||
==== | ==== Experimental procedure ==== | ||
The experiment consisted in simultaneously monitoring the presence of the blink relex (R1 and R2) and the EMG activity of the left masseter with a needle electrode at the time of Propofol infusion at doses of <math>2 mg/kg </math> which determined a slight dissociation - alert and with eyes open . In this way it can be stated, with a good approximation, that the drug released the mesencephalic-bulbar functions. | |||
The EMG responses (fig. 6) were as follows: upon introduction of the drug there was a brief conscious loss of cortical control, which anesthetists know clinically as transient hypertonicity and which electrophysiologically causes an increase in muscle tone. In figure 6 (phase 1: first two upper traces) we can observe the increase in the discharge frequency of the motor units ranging from <math>\approxeq 23Hz </math>, before the experiment (fig.1B), to <math>\approxeq 75Hz </math> of phase 1.( Fig. 6, trace 1 and 2 above) | |||
After <math>\approxeq 5 sec </math> the drug seems to have distributed to the cortical-subcortical areas and this effect is manifested electrophysiologically with a slowing down of the EMG discharge frequency (fig. 6 traces 3 and 4 starting from the top). After others <math>\approxeq 6 sec </math> the saturation of the cortical and, presumably, subcortical areas is complete and there is a total absence of EMG activity on the left masseter. (fig. 6 traces 5,6 and 7 starting from the top) Finally the drug is metabolised after<math>\approxeq 6 sec </math> from the electric silence and contextually the constant EMG tonic activity reappears at <math>\approxeq 23Hz </math> (fig.6 trace 8-14).{{q2|The most interesting data was in phase 3 in which there is the total absence of MUAP while the blink reflex was still evokeable with its R1 and R2 components. This would explain the cortical and/or subcortical pacemaker but would not involve brainstem structures.|}} | |||
[[File:EMG Propofol.jpeg|center|thumb|600x600px|'''Figure 6:''' EMG result of the experimental procedures. For better understanding follow text]] | |||
=== Conclusions === | |||
=== | ==== Experimental conclusion ==== | ||
The EMG activity present in the examined subject cannot be defined as "Spontaneous activity" because it does not show characteristics of organic damage to the muscle fibers and/or the second motor neuron. If it were muscle fiber damage, the EMG activity would have remained even after <math>2 mg/kg </math> administration of propofol. Indeed, it was observed that doses of <math>2 mg/kg </math> propofol failed to reverse the fasciculations induced by administration of 1 mg/kg of succinylcholine.<ref>Kararmaz A. Kaya S, TurhanogluS, Ozyilmaz A.: Effects of high-dose propofol on succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47:180-184</ref> The EMG activity present in the subject cannot be described as "Incapacity to relax" because the term is too generic to refer to conditions of psychic disturbances and dystonic disorders. In oromandibular dystonias, in fact, there are phases of EMG silence when the patient is asked to deviate the jaw to one side in an attempt to stretch the muscle involved. This effect is determined by an additional input from the muscle proprioceptive fibers. | |||
The disappearance of the EMG activity at doses of <math>2 mg/kg </math> propofol, a dose capable of interfering with the cortical, subcortical and striatal systems while maintaining the brainstem and pontobulbar functions intact, demonstrates that the pacemaker is at a higher level of the brainstem. | |||
The recorded EMG activity can finally be defined as "involuntary EMG activity" and responds to a pacemaker of central origin. This continuous EMG activity would determine, in the long run, damage to the myofibrils and myoglobin, an algogenic substance, would be the terminal cause of the pain reported by the patient. | |||
Therefore, the patient was more likely to be affected by "Focal oromandibular dystonia" than by "Tempormandibular Disorders" accompanied by phenomena of bruxism even during the day. Pharmacological evidence, in fact, suggests that the central dopaminergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the craniocervical dystonia and bruxism.<ref>Watt MW, Tan EK, Jankovic J.: Bruxism and Cranial cervical dystonia: Is there a relationship? Behavioural Sciences. 1999; 17: 196-2011) </ref> Lobbezo, in fact, demonstrated by PET imaging an abnormal lateral distribution in striatal D2-binding receptors in bruxism and craniocervical dystonias.<ref>Lobbezzo F, Soucy JP, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ.: Striatal D2 receptor binding in sleep bruxism: a controlled study with iodine 123 –iodobenzamide and single photon emission computer tomography. J Dent. Res. 1996 : 75 ; 1804-1810</ref> The fact that peripheral trauma may cause dystonia suggests that the sensory system may be important for the pathogenesis of focal dystonia and, in any case, it can interact only if the patient is genetically predisposed to develop a post-traumatic dystonia.<ref>Chuldler EH, Dong WK.: The role of basal ganglia in nociception and pain Pain 1995; 60: 3-38</ref> Using PET, thermal pain stimulation of the hand and the intradermal injection of capsaicin can determine an increase in the blood flow in the contralateral putamen and globus pallidus when compared with painless thermal stimuli.<ref>Jones AK, Brown WD, Friston KJ, Qi LY,Frackowiak RS.: Cortical and subcortical localization of response to pain in man using positron emission tomography. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1991; 244: 39-44</ref><ref>Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Byas-Smith M, Gracely RH, Max M, Seffiro T. et all.: Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of pain and allodynia in normal and patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993; 19: 1074</ref> Furthermore, the expression of the genes for prodynorphin, c-Fos and c-Jun is altered at the spinal and midbrain levels after painful stimuli.<ref>Bullitt E.: Introduction of c-Foslike protein whitin the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation. Brain Res 1989; 493: 391-7 </ref> In dystonics, using PET, peak blood flow in response to hand vibration was significantly reduced in both primary sensory and supplementary motor cortices when compared with normal subjects.<ref>Tempel LW, Perlmutter JS.: Abnormal cortical responses in patients with writer’s cramp Neurology 1993; 43: 2252-7</ref> Dystonic manifestations in the patients were easily elicited by the "tonic vibration reflex" but were markedly attenuated by lidocaine blockade of the muscle spindles.<ref>Kaji R, Rothwell JC, Katayama M, Ikeda T, Kubori T, Kohara N, Mezaki T, Shibasaki H, Kimura J.: Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer's cramp. Ann Neurol. 1995 Aug;38(2):155-62</ref> | |||
These authors suggested three mechanisms that may explain the increased sensitivity to vibration: the loss of the normal inhibition of the Ia afferents, a "central" alteration, and an alteration of the excitability of the neuromuscular spindles resulting from an overactivity of motor neurons. Loss of normal inhibition was also found in other experiments; in dystonics, in fact, there is a rapid curve of the recovery cycle of the blink reflex and of the H wave.<ref>Tolosa E, Montserrat L, Bayes A.: Blink reflex studies in focal dystonias: enhanced excitability of brainstem interneurons in cranial dystonia and spasmodic torticollis. Mov Disord. 1988;3(1):61-9</ref> | |||
==== Pharmacological treatment ==== | |||
The patient responded positively to the administration of "SIRDALUD" at doses of 4 mg three times a day more than to the administration of diazepam. Tizanidine (Sirdalud) is in fact a molecule that acts centrally as a myotonolitic agent and is pharmacologically and chemically different from diazepam and baclofen. This is a potent inhibitor of <math>\alpha</math> e <math>\gamma</math> motoneurons for stiffness experimentally induced in mice and polysynaptic activity in cats. In the decorticated or decerebrated cat, tizanidine preferentially inhibits the tonic component of the reflex activity. The actions of tizanidine result from its agonist activity at noradrenergic subunit receptors and may also involve inhibition of the release of excitatory amino acids from spinal interneurons (EAAs).<ref>Coward DM: The drug treatment of spasticity. Sandoz 1997</ref> The action on muscle tone, the lower sedative effect compared to diazepam and baclofen and the resulting lower muscle weakness are the characteristics that led to the choice of this drug over the others (EAAs) | |||
==== | ==== Clinical conclusions ==== | ||
To reach a clear and meaningful clinical conclusion we need to ask ourselves the following question: | |||
Are the Temporomandibular Disorders causing a functional alteration of the trigeminal Central Nervous system or could this clinical manifestation represent a variant of a benign acute cranial polyneuritis, or a more complex clinical state? | |||
An adequate answer to this question was given by a study by Adour KK<ref>Adour KK. Acute temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome: neuro-otologic and electromyographic study. Am J Otolaryngol. 1981 May;2(2):114-22. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0709(81)80028-2.PMID: 7270801</ref> through a prospective study using neuro-otological examination and electromyography. Seven consecutive patients with cardinal symptoms of temporomandibular joint pain syndrome (pain, tenderness, clicking, and limitation of jaw movement) were evaluated within one week of the onset of their acute symptoms. Three others with chronic symptoms were tested for comparison with acute cases. All seven patients with the acute condition had asymptomatic hypoesthesia of all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve and decreased action potential of the volitional muscles in the masseter and temporal muscles. At the end of three weeks the hypesthesia resolved in all seven patients and the muscle action potential returned to normal in six of the seven. EMG testing of the single patient with persistent reduced muscle action potentials and three patients with chronic symptoms showed fibrillation, reduced polyphasic regeneration potentials, and spontaneous fasciculations with clinical atrophy and spasm of the affected masseter and temporal muscles. Other acute cranial nerve findings included unilateral glossopharyngeal and second cervical nerve hypoesthesia, motor paralysis of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve, and increased facial nerve latency. These findings suggest a neuromuscular, rather than a psychophysiological, organic cause of temporomandibular joint pain syndrome. | |||
Contrary to this assertion that sees an organic neuromotor disturbance at the basis of a clinical situation of TMDs, there is the opinion that the influence of the unilateral posterior crossbite on the variations of spontaneous muscle activity in the mandibular rest position and in maximum voluntary contraction is significant and confirmed by Woźniak K et al.<ref name=":0">Woźniak K, Szyszka-Sommerfeld L, Lichota D. The electrical activity of the temporal and masseter muscles in patients with TMD and unilateral posterior crossbite. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:259372. doi: 10.1155/2015/259372. Epub 2015 Mar 26.PMID: 25883948 </ref> | |||
Having already clarified, albeit not in depth, the terminological, clinical and scientific difficulty in understanding phenomena that represent an alteration of the trigeminal Central Nervous System in EMG activity at rest, we can only suggest more attention in planning experiments of this type. For example Woźniak K et al.<ref name=":0" /> reaches these conclusions by analyzing the asymmetry between sides of the EMG activity at rest and at maximum will to contract (MVC) and the algorithm used is the following:<math>As=\frac{\textstyle \sum_{i=1}^N |R_i-L_i|\displaystyle}{\textstyle \sum_{i=1}^N |R_i+L_i|\displaystyle} | |||
\cdot100</math> | |||
but we did not take into account whether these asymmetries, mainly evident in the numerator, are really related to an organic symmetry of the trigeminal motor roots. Therefore, these conclusions could have become exponentially significant if correlated to the output data from the execution of the bilateral trigeminal motor Evoked Potentials <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs performed by our group. | |||
This would have had an exponential clinical significance because it would have confirmed a correlation between the functional (and non-organic) asymmetry between the crossbite and the neuromotor electrical activities.{{Bib}} |
edits