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Difference between revisions of "3° Clinical case: Meningioma"
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=== | ===Introduction=== | ||
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As now implicit, this clinical case too, which from now on we will call with a fancy name | As now implicit, this clinical case too, which from now on we will call with a fancy name <u>Balancer</u>' due to its related symptoms of postural and gait disturbance after being prosthetically rehabilitated, will follow the presentation model of the previous clinical cases. The introduction will present topics relating to the diagnostic model in question on which we will make the first conceptual reflections highlighted by our dear and thoughtful Linus. A recent article by Minervini et al.<ref>Giuseppe Minervini, Rocco Franco, Maria Maddalena Marrapodi, Salvatore Crimi, Almir Badnjević, Gabriele Cervino, Alberto Bianchi, and Marco Cicciù. Correlation between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Posture Evaluated trough the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2023 Apr; 12(7): 2652. Published online 2023 Apr 2. doi: 10.3390/jcm12072652.PMCID: PMC10095000.PMID: 37048735 | ||
</ref> asserts the following: TMD has ligament and muscle connections with the cervical area, therefore these connections have led to the hypothesis that posture problems may influence the development of TMD, <ref>An J.-S., Jeon D.-M., Jung W.-S., Yang I.-H., Lim W.H., Ahn S.-J. Influence of temporomandibular joint disc displacement on craniocervical posture and hyoid bone position. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015;147:72–79. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.09.015.</ref><ref>Lee W.Y., Okeson J.P., Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head posture and temporomandibular disorders. J. Orofac. Pain. 1995;9 </ref><ref>Minervini G., Mariani P., Fiorillo L., Cervino G., Cicciù M., Laino L. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CRANIO® 2022:1–9. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2022.2137129.</ref><ref>Minervini G.D., Del Mondo D.D., Russo D.D., Cervino G.D., D’Amico C.D., Fiorillo L.D. Stem Cells in Temporomandibular Joint Engineering: State of Art and Future Persectives. J. Craniofacial Surg. 2022;33:2181–2187. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008771.</ref><ref>Crescente G., Minervini G., Spagnuolo C., Moccia S. Cannabis Bioactive Compound-Based Formulations: New Per-spectives for the Management of Orofacial Pain. Molecules. 2022;28:106. doi: 10.3390/molecules28010106.</ref> therefore masticatory cycles should be balanced as unilateral chewing could alter the postural balance of the body. Stabilization splints can bring about neuromuscular balance, removing posterior interference and providing a stable occlusal relationship and an optimization of the centric relationship. The relationship between craniometric posture and TMD has been studied, however, despite the huge number of studies, clinicians and academics still remain unconvinced.<ref>Abe S., Kawano F., Matsuka Y., Masuda T., Okawa T., Tanaka E. Relationship between Oral Parafunctional and Postural Habits and the Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2022;11:6396. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216396.</ref><blockquote>[[File:Question 2.jpg|50x50px|link=https://wiki.masticationpedia.org/index.php/File:Question_2.jpg|left]]'''Centric Relationship and Posture''' | </ref> asserts the following: TMD has ligament and muscle connections with the cervical area, therefore these connections have led to the hypothesis that posture problems may influence the development of TMD, <ref>An J.-S., Jeon D.-M., Jung W.-S., Yang I.-H., Lim W.H., Ahn S.-J. Influence of temporomandibular joint disc displacement on craniocervical posture and hyoid bone position. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 2015;147:72–79. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.09.015.</ref><ref>Lee W.Y., Okeson J.P., Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head posture and temporomandibular disorders. J. Orofac. Pain. 1995;9 </ref><ref>Minervini G., Mariani P., Fiorillo L., Cervino G., Cicciù M., Laino L. Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CRANIO® 2022:1–9. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2022.2137129.</ref><ref>Minervini G.D., Del Mondo D.D., Russo D.D., Cervino G.D., D’Amico C.D., Fiorillo L.D. Stem Cells in Temporomandibular Joint Engineering: State of Art and Future Persectives. J. Craniofacial Surg. 2022;33:2181–2187. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008771.</ref><ref>Crescente G., Minervini G., Spagnuolo C., Moccia S. Cannabis Bioactive Compound-Based Formulations: New Per-spectives for the Management of Orofacial Pain. Molecules. 2022;28:106. doi: 10.3390/molecules28010106.</ref> therefore masticatory cycles should be balanced as unilateral chewing could alter the postural balance of the body. Stabilization splints can bring about neuromuscular balance, removing posterior interference and providing a stable occlusal relationship and an optimization of the centric relationship. The relationship between craniometric posture and TMD has been studied, however, despite the huge number of studies, clinicians and academics still remain unconvinced.<ref>Abe S., Kawano F., Matsuka Y., Masuda T., Okawa T., Tanaka E. Relationship between Oral Parafunctional and Postural Habits and the Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2022;11:6396. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216396.</ref><blockquote>'''''[[File:Question 2.jpg|50x50px|link=https://wiki.masticationpedia.org/index.php/File:Question_2.jpg|left]]''''' | ||
'''''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''Centric Relationship and Posture''' | |||
The conclusion is mandatory: 'however, despite the huge number of studies, clinical and academic remain unconvincing.' This always turns out to be a diplomatic way to avoid trouble but if we carefully read the salient points of this extract it seems that everything derives from a sort of balance due to occlusal stability and an exact Mandibular Centric Relationship. But the question that arises is: | The conclusion is mandatory: 'however, despite the huge number of studies, clinical and academic remain unconvincing.' This always turns out to be a diplomatic way to avoid trouble but if we carefully read the salient points of this extract it seems that everything derives from a sort of balance due to occlusal stability and an exact Mandibular Centric Relationship. But the question that arises is: | ||
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Another recent study Inchingolo et al.<ref>Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Carmela Pezzolla, Assunta Patano, Sabino Ceci, Anna Maria Ciocia, Grazia Marinelli, Giuseppina Malcangi, Valentina Montenegro, Filippo Cardarelli, Fabio Piras, Irene Ferrara, Biagio Rapone, Ioana Roxana Bordea, Dario Di Stasio, Antonio Scarano, Felice Lorusso, Andrea Palermo, Kenan Ferati, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Francesco Inchingolo, Daniela Di Venere, Gianna Dipalma . Experimental Analysis of the Use of Cranial Electromyography in Athletes and Clinical Implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 29;19(13):7975. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19137975. | Another recent study Inchingolo et al.<ref>Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Carmela Pezzolla, Assunta Patano, Sabino Ceci, Anna Maria Ciocia, Grazia Marinelli, Giuseppina Malcangi, Valentina Montenegro, Filippo Cardarelli, Fabio Piras, Irene Ferrara, Biagio Rapone, Ioana Roxana Bordea, Dario Di Stasio, Antonio Scarano, Felice Lorusso, Andrea Palermo, Kenan Ferati, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Francesco Inchingolo, Daniela Di Venere, Gianna Dipalma . Experimental Analysis of the Use of Cranial Electromyography in Athletes and Clinical Implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 29;19(13):7975. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19137975. | ||
</ref> asserts the following: the cranial surface electromyography allows the evaluation of the occlusal state and the quantification of the neuromuscular postural balance, thus understanding the dental occlusion from a functional point of view. It therefore represents a diagnostic revolution because it allows you to see what until now was only perceptible by palpation, and therefore not quantifiable.<ref>Falla D., Dall’Alba P., Rainoldi A., Merletti R., Jull G. Repeatability of Surface EMG Variables in the Sternocleidomastoid and Anterior Scalene Muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002;87:542–549. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0661-x</ref> A meta-analysis on the use of sEMG to evaluate the relationships between masticatory muscles and postural muscles found that the correlation between the masticatory system and the muscle activity of other parts of the body can be detected experimentally using sEMG, but this correlation has little clinic relevance .<ref>Perinetti G., Türp J.C., Primožič J., Di Lenarda R., Contardo L. Associations between the Masticatory System and Muscle Activity of Other Body Districts. A Meta-Analysis of Surface Electromyography Studies. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 2011;21:877–884. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.014.</ref> However, Julià-Sánchez et al. found that dental occlusion affects the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of masticatory and postural muscles using the MyotonPRO® system.<ref>Julià-Sánchez S., Álvarez-Herms J., Cirer-Sastre R., Corbi F., Burtscher M. The Influence of Dental Occlusion on Dynamic Balance and Muscular Tone. Front. Physiol. 2020;10:1626. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01626</ref> The influence of the occlusal state on stability was also demonstrated in an article by Heit et al. who found a significant increase in balance at rest rather than at maximal intercuspidation.<ref>Heit T., Derkson C., Bierkos J., Saqqur M. The Effect of the Physiological Rest Position of the Mandible on Cerebral Blood Flow and Physical Balance: An Observational Study. Cranio. 2015;33:195–205. doi: 10.1179/0886963414Z.00000000063.</ref> These results are consistent with previous studies that used sEMG to measure both the muscle balance of the masticatory muscles and its influence on the activity of some postural muscles. A substantial reduction in resting postural muscle activity (sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae, and soleus) was found in participants with dental malocclusions after balancing with a bite.<ref>Bergamini M., Pierleoni F., Gizdulich A., Bergamini C. Dental Occlusion and Body Posture: A Surface EMG Study. Cranio. 2008;26:25–32. doi: 10.1179/crn.2008.041.</ref><blockquote>[[File:Question 2.jpg|50x50px|link=https://wiki.masticationpedia.org/index.php/File:Question_2.jpg|left]]'''Simmetria:''' | </ref> asserts the following: the cranial surface electromyography allows the evaluation of the occlusal state and the quantification of the neuromuscular postural balance, thus understanding the dental occlusion from a functional point of view. It therefore represents a diagnostic revolution because it allows you to see what until now was only perceptible by palpation, and therefore not quantifiable.<ref>Falla D., Dall’Alba P., Rainoldi A., Merletti R., Jull G. Repeatability of Surface EMG Variables in the Sternocleidomastoid and Anterior Scalene Muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002;87:542–549. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0661-x</ref> A meta-analysis on the use of sEMG to evaluate the relationships between masticatory muscles and postural muscles found that the correlation between the masticatory system and the muscle activity of other parts of the body can be detected experimentally using sEMG, but this correlation has little clinic relevance .<ref>Perinetti G., Türp J.C., Primožič J., Di Lenarda R., Contardo L. Associations between the Masticatory System and Muscle Activity of Other Body Districts. A Meta-Analysis of Surface Electromyography Studies. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 2011;21:877–884. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.05.014.</ref> However, Julià-Sánchez et al. found that dental occlusion affects the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of masticatory and postural muscles using the MyotonPRO® system.<ref>Julià-Sánchez S., Álvarez-Herms J., Cirer-Sastre R., Corbi F., Burtscher M. The Influence of Dental Occlusion on Dynamic Balance and Muscular Tone. Front. Physiol. 2020;10:1626. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01626</ref> The influence of the occlusal state on stability was also demonstrated in an article by Heit et al. who found a significant increase in balance at rest rather than at maximal intercuspidation.<ref>Heit T., Derkson C., Bierkos J., Saqqur M. The Effect of the Physiological Rest Position of the Mandible on Cerebral Blood Flow and Physical Balance: An Observational Study. Cranio. 2015;33:195–205. doi: 10.1179/0886963414Z.00000000063.</ref> These results are consistent with previous studies that used sEMG to measure both the muscle balance of the masticatory muscles and its influence on the activity of some postural muscles. A substantial reduction in resting postural muscle activity (sternocleidomastoid, erector spinae, and soleus) was found in participants with dental malocclusions after balancing with a bite.<ref>Bergamini M., Pierleoni F., Gizdulich A., Bergamini C. Dental Occlusion and Body Posture: A Surface EMG Study. Cranio. 2008;26:25–32. doi: 10.1179/crn.2008.041.</ref><blockquote>[[File:Question 2.jpg|50x50px|link=https://wiki.masticationpedia.org/index.php/File:Question_2.jpg|left]]'''Simmetria:''' When we speak of neuromotor balance in reference to electromyographic procedures, terms such as synchronicity and symmetry are implicitly evoked. Side-to-side symmetry of EMG motor unit discharges is a complex procedure to record and interpret. Many factors come into play and not only the level of muscle contraction but also the type of electrode and electromyographic device used. If the concept of symmetry is focused referring to interferential EMG pattern then the situation is further complicated by the spatio-temporal summation of the motor units which discharge asynchronously and at variable frequency. This can lead to collisions and cancellations of the recordable potential on the skin. The only way to be able to extrapolate a significant data is the Fourier analysis<ref>Ishii T, Narita N, Endo H.Evaluation of jaw and neck muscle activities while chewing using EMG-EMGtransfer function and EMG-EMG coherence function analyses in healthy subjects.. Physiol Behav. 2016 Jun 1;160:35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.023. Epub 2016 Apr 5.PMID: 27059322 </ref> and the Wavelet model<ref>Sharma T, Veer K. EMG classification using wavelet functions to determine muscle contraction.. J Med Eng Technol. 2016;40(3):99-105. doi: 10.3109/03091902.2016.1139202. Epub 2016 Mar 4.PMID: 26942656</ref> which, with the usual limitations of indeterminacy and measurement uncertainty already discussed in other chapters (K<sub>brain</sub>), tries to decompose the already complex signal due to its nature biochemistry and extrapolate information on biophysics. But the question that arises is:{{q2|Are we sure we are dealing with an 'Asymmetry'?|.... are we talking about a functional or organic asymmetry?}}Even with regard to this very delicate point of neuromuscular balance and symmetry, without going into specific topics referred to the reference chapters, we would like to highlight the inconsistencies encountered in statements of the 'symmetry/asymmetry' type between sides of the interferential EMG pattern. Figure 2a shows an interferential EMG trace (right and left masseter, upper and lower trace respectively) in which, obviously, an evident asymmetry can be recognized already at a first visual approach without further mathematical decompositions. In figure 2c, on the other hand, one can also appreciate, in other patient, a good symmetry of the sides. <gallery widths="240" heights="200" perrow="3" slideshow""=""> | ||
File:EMG2.jpg|'''Figura 2a:''' EMG | File:EMG2.jpg|'''Figura 2a:''' Functionally asymmetric interference EMG pattern | ||
File:Bruxer MEP.jpeg|'''Figura 2b:''' | File:Bruxer MEP.jpeg|'''Figura 2b:'''Motor evoked potential of the trigeminal roots | ||
File:Bruxer EMG.jpeg|'''Figura 2c:''' | File:Bruxer EMG.jpeg|'''Figura 2c:''' Functionally symmetrical interferential EMG pattern | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Well, these two symmetry/asymmetry data (figure 2a and 2c) have no clinical significance because they are functional characteristics of the system which, as we anticipated, are unstable and modulated by other internal and external components of the system itself. The clinical and laboratory aspect would change drastically if the interferential EMG pattern content in Figure 2a and 2c were normalized to the content of the Motor Evoked Potential of the trigeminal roots (Figure 2b) - same electrode arrangement). In this way, given the perfect amplitude symmetry of the Root-MEPs, we can irrefutably state that the EMG tracing in figure 2a corresponds to a state of 'Asymmetry' while that of figure 2c to a state of 'Symmetry'. If the <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs were resulted asymmetric we would have had to speak of organic and functional symmetry and not of asymmetry. We should have looked for the causes, perhaps of measurement errors or verifying the extent of the asymmetry of the motor evoked potentials, but the concept is that we cannot give value to a functional peripheral datum without knowing the organic datum. {{q2|Beware of using the term 'Asymmetry' too casually|We can say that by throwing a die we have <math>\frac{1}{36}</math> of probability that a number from 1 to 6 comes out but we must be sure that the die has 6 sides and that the numbers are from 1 to 6}}</blockquote>We could go on and on but we prefer to deal with the clinical case of our patient '<u>Balancer</u>' | |||
====3rd Clinical Case==== | |||
As anticipated we will resume the same diagnostic language presented both for the patient Mary Poppins and for the 'Bruxer' patients so that it becomes an assimilable and practicable model, we will try to superimpose it on the present clinical case called 'Balancer'.<blockquote>The subject, a 60-year-old man undergoing prosthetic rehabilitation about 10 years earlier, had begun to report masticatory difficulties and specifically a sort of decrease in muscle strength on the right side and slowing down of the masticatory cycle. After an unquantified period of time, the patient also felt a difficulty in both static and dynamic balance. Reporting these disturbances to his dentist, he was proposed a makeover of the prosthetic rehabilitation. The clinical situation did not change, on the contrary the postulated disturbances increased leading the dentist to a new prosthetic rehabilitation this time following the postural methods through a synergism between pedanometric examinations and centric recordings. Having reached our observation, we immediately subjected the patient to our diagnostic process which is, as usual, represented in the form of 'Contexts'. </blockquote> | |||
====Meaning of contexts==== | |||
As already mentioned but it should be emphasized, in the dental field we will have the following sentences and statements to which we give a numerical value to facilitate the treatment, or <math>\delta_n=[0|1]</math> where <math>\delta_n=0</math> it indicates 'normal' and <math>\delta_n=1</math> anomaly and therefore a positive report: | |||
<math>\delta_1</math> | <math>\delta_1</math> Negative TMJ MRI Report in Figure 3, <math>\delta_1=0\longrightarrow</math> Normal, Negative Report | ||
<math>\delta_2</math> | <math>\delta_2</math> Negative axiographic report for right condylar tracing in Figure 4, <math>\delta_2=0\longrightarrow</math> Normality, negative report | ||
<math>\delta_3</math> | <math>\delta_3</math> Negative axiographic report for left condylar tracing in Figure 5,<math>\delta_3=0\longrightarrow</math> Normality, negative report. | ||
<math>\delta_4</math> | <math>\delta_4</math> Slightly asymmetric EMG interference pattern in Figure 6, <math>\delta_4 =1\longrightarrow</math> Abnormality, Positivity Report <center><gallery widths="130" heights="200" perrow="5" slideshow""="" mode="slideshow"> | ||
File:MR frontal TMJ .jpg| | File:MR frontal TMJ .jpg|'''Figure 3: <math>\delta_1</math>''' MNR of the right TMJ in a coronal plane | ||
File:Axio dx.jpg| | File:Axio dx.jpg|'''Figura 4: <math>\delta_1</math>''' Right paraocclusal axiography | ||
File:Axio sn.jpg| | File:Axio sn.jpg|Figure 5:''' <math>\delta_1</math> Left paraocclusal axiography''' | ||
File:Meningioma 1 by Gianni Frisardi.jpg| | File:Meningioma 1 by Gianni Frisardi.jpg|'''Figure 6: <math>\delta_1</math>''' EMG Interference Pattern | ||
</gallery></center> | </gallery></center> | ||
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</center> | </center> | ||
====Demarcatore di coerenza <math>\tau</math> ==== | ====Demarcatore di coerenza <math>\tau</math>==== | ||
Come abbiamo descritto nei precedenti capitoli lo '<math>\tau</math>' è un peso specifico clinico rappresentativo, complesso da ricercare e sviluppare perché varia da disciplina a disciplina e per patologie, indispensabile per non far collidere le asserzioni logiche <math>\Im_o</math> e <math>\Im_n</math> nelle procedure diagnostiche e fondamentale per inizializzare la decriptazione del codice in linguaggio macchina. In sostanza consente di confermare la coerenza di una asserzione <math>\Im\cup\{\delta_1,\delta_2.....\delta_n\}</math> contro l'altro <math>\Im\cup\{\gamma_1,\gamma_2.....\gamma_n\}</math> e viceversa, dando maggior peso alla gravità dei referti e alla scelta del contesto opportuno. | Come abbiamo descritto nei precedenti capitoli lo '<math>\tau</math>' è un peso specifico clinico rappresentativo, complesso da ricercare e sviluppare perché varia da disciplina a disciplina e per patologie, indispensabile per non far collidere le asserzioni logiche <math>\Im_o</math> e <math>\Im_n</math> nelle procedure diagnostiche e fondamentale per inizializzare la decriptazione del codice in linguaggio macchina. In sostanza consente di confermare la coerenza di una asserzione <math>\Im\cup\{\delta_1,\delta_2.....\delta_n\}</math> contro l'altro <math>\Im\cup\{\gamma_1,\gamma_2.....\gamma_n\}</math> e viceversa, dando maggior peso alla gravità dei referti e alla scelta del contesto opportuno. | ||