Difference between revisions of "Encrypted code: Bilateral Motor Evoked Potentials of trigeminal root"

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The 'CNN' loop closure analy of course is based on the terminal article which basically describe five patients with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and lower limb muscle stretch reflexes preserve yourself.<ref name=":0">Jon Infante, Antonio García, Karla M Serrano-Cárdenas, Rocío González-Aguado, José Gazulla, Enrique M de Lucas, José Berciano. Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and preserved muscle stretch reflexes: evidence for selective sparing of afferent Ia fibres.J Neurol . 2018 Jun;265(6):1454-1462. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8872-1.Epub 2018 Apr 25.
The 'CNN' loop closure analy of course is based on the terminal article which basically describe five patients with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and lower limb muscle stretch reflexes preserve yourself.<ref name=":0">Jon Infante, Antonio García, Karla M Serrano-Cárdenas, Rocío González-Aguado, José Gazulla, Enrique M de Lucas, José Berciano. Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and preserved muscle stretch reflexes: evidence for selective sparing of afferent Ia fibres.J Neurol . 2018 Jun;265(6):1454-1462. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8872-1.Epub 2018 Apr 25.
</ref> In particular, somatosensory evoked potentials were absent or severely attenuated. Biceps and hamstring T-reflex recordings were normal, while the masseter reflex was absent or attenuated.<blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_2_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 1:''' Asserzione neurologica <math>\gamma_1</math> che evidenzia una grave anomalia di latenza ed ampiezzza del jaw jerk destro]]The first observation to be made is that the patients were suffering from chronic spasmodic cough and the second observation was the preservation of the tendon reflexes of the lower limbs. In our patient 'Balancer', on the other hand, there was a total absence of the mandibular tendon reflex<ref>The history of examination of reflexes. Boes CJ.J Neurol. 2014 Dec;261(12):2264-74. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7326-7. Epub 2014 Apr 3.PMID: 24695995 </ref> (<math>\gamma_1</math>) so that the neurological damage was very evident at the trigeminal midbrain level. (Figure 1) The multifunctional contribution of the midbrain synaptic circuitry by the proprioceptive nerve endings ( <math>1a</math> e <math>\gamma</math>) are of primary importance both for posture and for cervico-oculomotor reflexes. A very interesting article by Yongmei Chen et al.<ref>Chen Y, Gong X, Ibrahim SIA, Liang H, Zhang J.. Convergent innervations of mesencephalic trigeminal and vestibular nuclei neurons onto oculomotor and pre-oculomotor neurons-Tract tracing and triple labeling in rats. PLoS One. 2022 Nov 28;17(11):e0278205. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278205. eCollection 2022.PMID: 36441755 </ref> showed, through markers, how neurons afferent to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) from the jaw muscles project to the oculomotor nuclei (III/IV) and their premotor neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), a well-known pre-oculomotor center that vertically manipulates torsional eye movements.
</ref> In particular, somatosensory evoked potentials were absent or severely attenuated. Biceps and hamstring T-reflex recordings were normal, while the masseter reflex was absent or attenuated.<blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_2_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figure 1:''' Neurological statement highlighting a severe right jaw jerk latency and amplitude abnormality]]The first observation to be made is that the patients were suffering from chronic spasmodic cough and the second observation was the preservation of the tendon reflexes of the lower limbs. In our patient 'Balancer', on the other hand, there was a total absence of the mandibular tendon reflex<ref>The history of examination of reflexes. Boes CJ.J Neurol. 2014 Dec;261(12):2264-74. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7326-7. Epub 2014 Apr 3.PMID: 24695995 </ref> (<math>\gamma_1</math>) so that the neurological damage was very evident at the trigeminal midbrain level. (Figure 1) The multifunctional contribution of the midbrain synaptic circuitry by the proprioceptive nerve endings ( <math>1a</math> e <math>\gamma</math>) are of primary importance both for posture and for cervico-oculomotor reflexes. A very interesting article by Yongmei Chen et al.<ref>Chen Y, Gong X, Ibrahim SIA, Liang H, Zhang J.. Convergent innervations of mesencephalic trigeminal and vestibular nuclei neurons onto oculomotor and pre-oculomotor neurons-Tract tracing and triple labeling in rats. PLoS One. 2022 Nov 28;17(11):e0278205. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278205. eCollection 2022.PMID: 36441755 </ref> showed, through markers, how neurons afferent to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) from the jaw muscles project to the oculomotor nuclei (III/IV) and their premotor neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), a well-known pre-oculomotor center that vertically manipulates torsional eye movements.
   
   
The conceptual conclusion of the authors was that the Vme proprioceptive neurons of the masticatory projecting muscles at III/IV and INC would detect spindle activity to spatial changes of the jaw conditioned by the force of gravity and/or by the connection between the mandible during rotation of the head. Thus, the convergent innervation of Vme and MVN neurons on the oculomotor and pre-oculomotor nuclei would be a neuroanatomical substrate for the interaction of masticatory proprioception with vestibulo-ocular signals on the oculomotor system during vertical-torsional VOR. The contribution of this article obviously allows us to consider a correlation between the trigeminal system, posture and gait, therefore, the abnormal asymmetry of the jaw jerk could be related to a postural disorder of our patient 'Balancer'
The conceptual conclusion of the authors was that the Vme proprioceptive neurons of the masticatory projecting muscles at III/IV and INC would detect spindle activity to spatial changes of the jaw conditioned by the force of gravity and/or by the connection between the mandible during rotation of the head. Thus, the convergent innervation of Vme and MVN neurons on the oculomotor and pre-oculomotor nuclei would be a neuroanatomical substrate for the interaction of masticatory proprioception with vestibulo-ocular signals on the oculomotor system during vertical-torsional VOR. The contribution of this article obviously allows us to consider a correlation between the trigeminal system, posture and gait, therefore, the abnormal asymmetry of the jaw jerk could be related to a postural disorder of our patient 'Balancer'
  </blockquote>
  </blockquote>
But there is also to consider the article of Jon Infante <ref name=":0" /> highlighted that all five patients were in the seventh decade of age, their gait imbalance having started in the fifth decade. In four patients, cough preceded gait imbalance between 15 and 29 years of age; the cough was spasmodic and triggered by variable factors. In addition, vestibular function tests showed bilateral impairment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.  <blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 6 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_6_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 2:''' Aspetto occlusale del paziente 'Balancer' a cui era stato più volte ripristinata l'incongrua occlusale sul lato destro.]]
But there is also to consider the article of Jon Infante <ref name=":0" /> highlighted that all five patients were in the seventh decade of age, their gait imbalance having started in the fifth decade. In four patients, cough preceded gait imbalance between 15 and 29 years of age; the cough was spasmodic and triggered by variable factors. In addition, vestibular function tests showed bilateral impairment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.  <blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 6 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_6_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figure 2:''' Occlusal aspect of the 'Balancer' patient who had the occlusal incongruity on the right side restored several times.]]
The presence of chronic spasmodic cough, in this study, for over 10 years even before balance and postural disturbances showed up, suggest that machine language, as repeatedly exposed in the specific chapters of Masticationpedia, is a reality not to be overlooked because the ambiguous and vague verbal language covers the information of the encrypted code. As we will demonstrate in the course of the discussion, the analog of the spasmodic cough symptom of the patients reported by Jon Infante's article could be the repeated reporting to the dental colleagues of the chewing difficulty by our patient 'Balancer'. (Figure 2) This parameter has not been considered as an 'encrypted code' but only an element of verbal language logic and therefore vague and ambiguous. The continuous remaking of the prosthetic rehabilitation dampened even more the information of the machine language until the temporal and spatial addition of the organic damage was transformed<ref name=":0" /> into a macroscopic symptom of vertigo and loss of balance in walking  </blockquote>
The presence of chronic spasmodic cough, in this study, for over 10 years even before balance and postural disturbances showed up, suggest that machine language, as repeatedly exposed in the specific chapters of Masticationpedia, is a reality not to be overlooked because the ambiguous and vague verbal language covers the information of the encrypted code. As we will demonstrate in the course of the discussion, the analog of the spasmodic cough symptom of the patients reported by Jon Infante's article could be the repeated reporting to the dental colleagues of the chewing difficulty by our patient 'Balancer'. (Figure 2) This parameter has not been considered as an 'encrypted code' but only an element of verbal language logic and therefore vague and ambiguous. The continuous remaking of the prosthetic rehabilitation dampened even more the information of the machine language until the temporal and spatial addition of the organic damage was transformed<ref name=":0" /> into a macroscopic symptom of vertigo and loss of balance in walking  </blockquote>
   
   
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===Decryption process===
===Decryption process===
L'iter diagnostico seguito ormai di routine secondo il modello Masticationpedia ci ha consentito di eliminare, attraverso il demarcatore di coerenza <math>\tau</math>, il contesto odontoiatrico per seguire quello neurologico e di approfondire attraverso lo 'Cognitive Neural Network' (CNN) le possibili correlazioni tra sintomi e anomalie neurofisiologiche nei pazienti con disturbi posturali, di deambulazione dovute a patologie funzionali ( labirintiti, neuropatie ecc.) da quelle organiche ( tumori, demielinizzazioni ecc.). Ora bisogna cercare di decriptare il messaggio criptato del linguaggio macchina del Sistema Nervoso Trigeminale.
The diagnostic procedure followed routinely according to the Masticationpedia model has allowed us to eliminate, through the coherence demarcator, the dental context to follow the neurological one and to deepen through the 'Cognitive Neural Network' (CNN) the possible correlations between symptoms and neurophysiological abnormalities in patients with postural and walking disorders due to functional pathologies (labyrinthitis, neuropathies, etc.) from organic ones (tumors, demyelinations, etc.). Now we must try to decrypt the encrypted message of the machine language of the Trigeminal Nervous System.


====Codice criptato====
====Encrypted code====
[[File:Ortognatica Jaw jerk.jpg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Ortognatica_Jaw_jerk.jpeg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 2:''' Determinazione della componente funzionale del Sistema Nervoso Centrale. I risultati per il paziente 2 (normocclusione) mostrano un'area di 1,37 mV/ms e 0,13 mV/ms rispettivamente sul massetere destro e sinistro. Questo mostra una asimmetria tra lati di circa il 100%.]][[File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_2_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 1:''' Asserzione neurologica <math>\gamma_1</math> che evidenzia una grave anomalia di latenza del jaw jerk|left]]Come anticipato, in primis abbiamo potuto evidenziare una grave assenza del jaw jerk riportata come  <math>\gamma_1=1\longrightarrow</math> Anormalità, positività del referto ( Figura 1) ma come è stato già menzionato nel capitolo ' [[Conclusioni sullo status quo nella logica del linguaggio medico riguardo al sistema masticatorio]]' anche nel paziente trattato con chirurgia ortognatica abbiamo potuto rilevare una assenza del jaw jerk (figura 2) ripristinato subito dopo riabilitazione neurognatologica evocata. Nel nostro caso 'Balancer' abbiamo un disturbo oggettivo in più quello della difficoltà masticatoria ed insieme al disturbo posturale erano presenti nistagno e vertigini.
[[File:Ortognatica Jaw jerk.jpg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Ortognatica_Jaw_jerk.jpeg|alt=|thumb|'''Figure 2:''' Determination of the functional component of the Central Nervous System. The results for patient 2 (normocclusion) show an area of 1.37 mV/ms and 0.13 mV/ms on the right and left masseter, respectively. This shows an asymmetry between sides of about 100%.]][[File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_2_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figure 1:''' Neurological statments <math>\gamma_1</math> highlighting severe jaw jerk latency abnormality |left]]


Un ulteriore asserzione a favore del danno organico è stato anche la presenza di un ritardo di latenza sul lato destro del periodo silente elettrico,  <math>\gamma_3=1\longrightarrow</math> Anormalità, positività del referto, che depone per un rallentamento della velocità di conduzione nervosa. In questo istanza non possiamo dire se il ritardo sia riferito ad un danno delle fibre sensitive o di quelle motorie fintanto che non si approccia allo studio della conduzione nervosa delle radici trigeminali motorie.


As anticipated, first of all we were able to highlight a serious absence of the jaw jerk reported as  <math>\gamma_1=1\longrightarrow</math> Abnormality, positive report (Figure 1) but as already mentioned in the chapter


' [[Conclusions on the status quo in the logic of medical language regarding the masticatory system]]'  also in the patient treated with orthognathic surgery we were able to detect an absence of the jaw jerk (figure 2) restored immediately after evoked neurognathological rehabilitation. In our case 'Balancer' we have an additional objective disorder that of masticatory difficulty and together with the postural disorder there were nystagmus and vertigo.


=====Potenziali Evocati Motori della radice trigeminale=====
A further assertion in favor of organic damage was also the presence of a latency delay on the right side of the electrical silent period, <math>\gamma_3=1\longrightarrow</math> Abnormality, positivity of the report, which suggests a slowing of the nerve conduction speed. In this instance we cannot say whether the delay refers to damage to the sensory or motor fibers until we approach the study of the nerve conduction of the motor trigeminal roots.
[[File:Meningioma 5 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_5_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|300x300px|thumb|'''Figura 4:''' Referto RMN di meningioma in base cranica destra]][[File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|thumb|'''Figura 3:''' Risposte evocate da stimolazione elettrica transcraniale bilaterale. E' evidente una marcata asimmetria di ampiezza a carico del Massetere destro.|alt=|left]]
=====Motor evoked potentials of the trigeminal root=====
Nel nostro laboratorio di neurofisiologia masticatoria abbiamo messo a punto una tecnica di elettrostimolazione trasncraniale elettrica delle due radici trigeminali in simultanea e sincronizzate con lo stimolo elettrico. Nei vari capitoli già pubblicati sono riportati alcune informazioni tecniche sul metodo ma ci ripromettiamo di esporli in modo esaustivo nella sezione 'Scienza straordinaria'. In questo contesto possiamo solo considerare e confermare una asimmetria notevole di ampiezza delle risposte evocate motorie come mostrato in figura 3. I markers 1A e 2A indicano la latenza chea differenza del periodo silente è simmetrica e questo dato conferma il danno strutturale delle fibre sensitive comprese quelle propriocettive dai muscoli masticatori. Possiamo a questo punto non solo confermare e giustificare la scelta neurologica del contesto diagnostico ma anche concludere con una pre diagnosi di danno neurologico cerebellare con coinvolgimento dell'asse mesencefalico trigeminale.  
[[File:Meningioma 5 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_5_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|300x300px|thumb|'''Figure 4:''' MRI report of meningioma in right skull base]][[File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|thumb|'''Figure 3:''' Bilateral transcranial electrical stimulation evoked responses. A marked asymmetry of amplitude in the right Masseter is evident.|alt=|left]]
In our masticatory neurophysiology laboratory we have developed a technique of electrical transcranial electrostimulation of the two trigeminal roots simultaneously and synchronized with the electrical stimulus. In the various chapters already published some technical information on the method is reported but we intend to expose them exhaustively in the section 'Extraordinary science'. In this context we can only consider and confirm a significant amplitude asymmetry of the motor evoked responses as shown in figure 3. The markers 1A and 2A indicate the latency which, unlike the silent period, is symmetrical and this data confirms the structural damage of the sensory fibers including those proprioceptive from masticatory muscles. At this point we can not only confirm and justify the neurological choice of the diagnostic context but also conclude with a pre-diagnosis of cerebellar neurological damage with involvement of the trigeminal mesencephalic axis.  


La  Risonanza Magnetica dell'encefalo, purtroppo, risolve i nostri dubbi con una refertazione di lesione espansiva solida con effetto massa nell'emisfero destro, non è chiaro se abbia un’origine sopra o sotto tentoriale, sicuramente determina fenomeni compressivi sul mesencefalo - tronco e sul quarto ventricolo con dilatazione delle cisterne e dei ventricoli a monte. Che si tratti di un meningioma è molto probabile perché non ha edema perilesionale.<center></center>
The Magnetic Resonance of the brain, unfortunately, solves our doubts with a report of solid expansive lesion with mass effect in the right hemisphere, it is not clear whether it has a supra or sub tentorial origin, it certainly determines compressive phenomena on the midbrain - trunk and on the fourth ventricle with dilatation of the cisternae and ventricles upstream. That it is a meningioma is very likely because he has no perilesional edema.<center></center>


==='''Final considerations'''===
==='''Final considerations'''===


Riassumiamo il percorso clinico diagnostico seguendo il modello Masticationpedia perched si possa considerare quest'ultimo un fluido e dinamico iter per giungere a target diagnostico nel modo più rapido e dettagliato.
We summarize the clinical diagnostic path following the Masticationpedia model so that the latter can be considered a fluid and dynamic process to reach a diagnostic target in the fastest and most detailed way.


# Analisi dei contesti attraverso test di laboratorio odontoiatrici e neurologici
# Context analysis through dental and neurological laboratory tests
# Scelta dell'asserzione neurologica attraverso filtro da parte del Demarcatore di Coerenza '''''<math>\tau</math>'''''
# Choice of neurological statement filtered by the '''''<math>\tau</math>''''' ''Coherence Demarcator''
# Valutazione del caso clinico nel Cognitive Neural Network (CNN)
# Evaluation of the clinical case in the Cognitive Neural Network (CNN)
# Chiusura del loop del CNN con l'articolo di Jon Infante <ref name=":0" /> e la considerazione del danno organico/funzionale delle strutture sensitivo motorie trigeminali del nostro paziente attraverso constatazione della asimmetria di ampiezza della '<sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs'. Nella galleria di immagini è stata ordinata la sequenza logica dei test eseguiti con ripristino della numerazione.
# Closing the CNN loop with Jon Infante's article<ref name=":0" /> and the consideration of the organic/functional damage of our patient's trigeminal sensory-motor structures through the observation of the amplitude asymmetry of the 'bRoot-MEPs'. The logical sequence of the tests carried out with the numbering restored has been ordered in the image gallery.


<Center>
<Center>
<gallery widths="340" heights="300" perrow="2" slideshow""="">
<gallery widths="340" heights="300" perrow="2" slideshow""="">
File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figura 1a:''' Il primo test che va sempre eseguito in casi clinici complessi è, appunto, la <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs
File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figure 1a:''' The first test that must always be performed in complex clinical cases is, in fact, the <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs
File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figura 1b:''' Il secondo test è il jaw jerk che restituisce una sorta di analisi dell'integrità del sistema mesencefalico. Nel nostro caso 'Balancer' è evidente una abnorme asimmetria a discapito del massetere destro
File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figure 1b:''' The second test is the jaw jerk which returns a sort of analysis of the integrity of the midbrain system. In our case 'Balancer' an abnormal asymmetry is evident to the detriment of the right masseter
File:Meningioma 4 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figura 1c:''' Dopo aver verificato il livello di integrità dell'area mesencefali attraverso test che coinvolgono riflessi monosinaptici come il jaw jerk si alza il livello di complessità evocando il periodo silente elettrico che è un riflesso polisinaptico. Appare evidente il ritardo di latenza sul massetere destro
File:Meningioma 4 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figure 1c:''' After verifying the level of integrity of the midbrain area through tests involving monosynaptic reflexes such as jaw jerk, the level of complexity is raised by evoking the electrical silent period which is a polysynaptic reflex. The latency delay on the right masseter is evident
File:Meningioma 5 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figura 1d:''' Ovviamente dopo questi risultati, il paziente non può essere considerato affetto da disturbo posturale bensì da patologia neurologica organica e la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare dell'encefalo lo evidenzia in tutto la sua potenzialità diagnostica.
File:Meningioma 5 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|'''Figure 1d:''' Obviously after these results, the patient cannot be considered affected by postural disorder but by organic neurological pathology and the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the brain shows it in all its diagnostic potential.
</gallery>
</gallery>
----
</Center>
</Center>


=== Conclusioni ===
=== Conclusion ===
Abbiamo ormai evidenze di correlazione organico funzionali sia dirette che indirette tra il sistema trigeminale ed il sistema vestibolare, basti pensare allo studio dei mVEMP (Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials) ormai riconosciuto come un test solido e affidabile per valutare l'integrità funzionale della via del riflesso vestibolo-masseterico,<ref>Sangu Srinivasan Vignesh, Niraj Kumar Singh, Krishna Rajalakshmi. Tone Burst Masseter Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Normative Values and Test-Retest Reliability. J Am Acad Audiol. 2021 May;32(5):308-314. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1728718.Epub 2021 Jun 1.
We now have evidence of both direct and indirect functional organic correlation between the trigeminal system and the vestibular system, just think of the study of mVEMP (Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials) now recognized as a solid and reliable test for assessing the functional integrity of the reflex pathway vestibulo-masseteric<ref>Sangu Srinivasan Vignesh, Niraj Kumar Singh, Krishna Rajalakshmi. Tone Burst Masseter Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Normative Values and Test-Retest Reliability. J Am Acad Audiol. 2021 May;32(5):308-314. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1728718.Epub 2021 Jun 1.
</ref> in clinical manifestations with involvement of the trigeminal and vestibular system as in schwannomas<ref>Ashutosh Kumar, Sanjay Behari, Jayesh Sardhara, Prabhaker Mishra, Vivek Singh, Vandan Raiyani, Kamlesh Singh Bhaisora, Arun Kumar Srivastava . Quantitative assessment of brainstem distortion in vestibular schwannoma and its implication in occurrence of hydrocephalus.Br J Neurosurg . 2022 Dec;36(6):686-692. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2047155.Epub 2022 Mar 7.
</ref><ref>Daniel Moualed, Jonathan Wong, Owen Thomas, Calvin Heal, Rukhtam Saqib, Cameron Choi, Simon Lloyd, Scott Rutherford, Emma Stapleton, Charlotte Hammerbeck-Ward, Omar Pathmanaban, Roger Laitt, Miriam Smith, Andrew Wallace, Mark Kellett, Gareth Evans, Andrew King, Simon Freeman. Prevalence and natural history of schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): the influence of pathogenic variants. Eur J Hum Genet. 2022 Apr;30(4):458-464. doi: 10.1038/s41431-021-01029-y.Epub 2022 Jan 24.
</ref> or in the presence of acoustic neuromas<ref>Claudia Cassandro, Roberto Albera, Luca Debiasi, Andrea Albera, Ettore Cassandro, Alfonso Scarpa, Massimo Ralli. What factors influence treatment decision making in acoustic neuroma? Our experience on 103 cases. Int Tinnitus J. 2020 Nov 18;24(1):21-25.doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20200004.
</ref> as much as the relative correlation between dental occlusion and the vestibular system but this does not allow, given the seriousness of the diagnostic error that it would result, to consider this last clinical condition a clinically validated scientific datum. In the Appendix an example of what might happen.


</ref> nelle manifestazioni cliniche con  coinvolgimenti del sistema trigeminale e vestibolare come nei schwannomi<ref>Ashutosh Kumar, Sanjay Behari, Jayesh Sardhara, Prabhaker Mishra, Vivek Singh, Vandan Raiyani, Kamlesh Singh Bhaisora, Arun Kumar Srivastava . Quantitative assessment of brainstem distortion in vestibular schwannoma and its implication in occurrence of hydrocephalus.Br J Neurosurg . 2022 Dec;36(6):686-692. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2047155.Epub 2022 Mar 7.
This last assertion, perhaps risky because it is controversial, collides with the evidence of a striking fact highlighted several times during the drafting of the chapters of Masticationpedia, that of machine language and verbal language. A vague and ambiguous verbal language can generate scientific convictions depending on how it is proposed but in substance it covers and hides a much more decisive and formal machine language. For example, the verbal language deduced that the postural disturbances of the 'Balancer' patient were caused by an incongruous prosthetic rehabilitation while the machine language signaled an organic sensorineural deficit (absence of the jaw jerk, latency delays of the silent period, large reduction in the amplitude of the <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs.


</ref><ref>Daniel Moualed, Jonathan Wong, Owen Thomas, Calvin Heal, Rukhtam Saqib, Cameron Choi, Simon Lloyd, Scott Rutherford, Emma Stapleton, Charlotte Hammerbeck-Ward, Omar Pathmanaban, Roger Laitt, Miriam Smith, Andrew Wallace, Mark Kellett, Gareth Evans, Andrew King, Simon Freeman. Prevalence and natural history of schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): the influence of pathogenic variants. Eur J Hum Genet. 2022 Apr;30(4):458-464. doi: 10.1038/s41431-021-01029-y.Epub 2022 Jan 24.


</ref> od in presenza di neurinomi dell'acustico<ref>Claudia Cassandro, Roberto Albera, Luca Debiasi, Andrea Albera, Ettore Cassandro, Alfonso Scarpa, Massimo Ralli. What factors influence treatment decision making in acoustic neuroma? Our experience on 103 cases. Int Tinnitus J. 2020 Nov 18;24(1):21-25.doi: 10.5935/0946-5448.20200004.
The lack of information on the velocity and the mandibular position at the midbrain level, in fact, determines an incapacity of stereognostic awareness in which the patient does not recognize the spatial and temporal position of the mandible. The decrease in the recruitment of the motor units of the masticatory muscles and not only of the tested masseter with an obvious decrease in the masticatory force is the result of this organic and functional damage. All this indicates an impairment of the proprioceptive territory but we do not know if the sensory structures have also been involved. The electrical silent period, on the other hand, shows a severe delay in latency with a slowing of nerve conduction velocity. To conclude the neurophysiopathological diagnostic picture is the observation that the right trigeminal motor root has lost most of its motor fibers.


</ref> tanto quanto la relativa correlazione tra occlusione dentale e sistema vestibolare ma ciò non consente, visto la gravità dell'errore diagnostico che ne deriverebbe, di considerare quest'ultima condizione clinica un dato scientifico validato clinicamente. InAppendice un esempio di ciò che potrebbe accadere.
However, it should be noted that in such a serious clinical condition we see a decrease in the amplitude of the <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs but not a latency asymmetry. This finding indicates that there was direct damage to the trigeminal motor fibers from tumor compression (axonotmesis) but not demyelination (neuropraxia) which would have shown latency delay on the right masseter. It is advisable to briefly describe the definition of neurological damage bearing in mind that the equivalent of the spinal peripheral nerve for the trigeminal nervous system corresponds to the motor trigeminal root.


Quest'ultima asserzione, forse rischiosa perchè di controversione, si scontra sull'evidenza di un fatto eclatante più volte evidenziato nel corso della stesura dei capitoli di Masticationpedia quello del linguaggio macchina e del linguaggio verbale. Un linguaggio verbale vago ed ambiguo può generare convinzioni scientifiche a seconda di come viene proposto ma in sostanza copre ed occulta un linguaggio macchina molto più determinante e formale. Per esempio il linguaggio verbale ha dedotto che i disturbi posturali del paziente 'Balancer' fossero causati da una incongrua riabilitazione protesica mentre il linguaggio macchina segnalava un deficit neurosensoriale organico ( assenza del jaw jerk, ritardi in latenza del periodo silente, ampia riduzione di ampiezza della <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs.


La mancanza dell'informazione della velocità e della posizione mandibolare a livello mesencefalico, infatti, determina una incapacità di coscienza stereognosica in cui il paziente non riconosce la posizione spaziale e temporale della mandibola. La diminuzione del reclutamento delle unità motorie dei muscoli masticatori e non solo del massetere testato con una ovvia diminuzione della forza masticatoria è il risultato di questo danno organico e funzionale. Tutto ciò indica una compromissione del territorio propriocettivo ma non sappiamo se sono stati coinvolti anche le strutture sensitive. Il periodo silente elettrico mostra, invece, un grave ritardo in latenza con un rallentamento della velocità di conduzione nervosa. A concludere il quadro diagnostico neurofisiopatologico è la constatazione che la radice motoria trigeminale di destra ha perso gran parte delle proprie fibre motorie.
'''Neurotmesis''' is caused by a transection of a nerve and is the worst degree of peripheral nerve injury. In neurotmesis, the entire nerve, including the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium, is completely severed. Neurotmesis leads to disruption of the axon, myelin sheath, and connective tissues. The prognosis for spontaneous recovery is poor without surgery.<ref>Kaya Y, Sarikcioglu L. Sir Herbert Seddon (1903-1977) and his classification scheme for peripheral nerve injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015 Feb;31(2):177-80. </ref> Sunderland's fifth-degree lesion fits the definition of neurotmesis in the Seddon classification and represents the highest degree of nerve injury, with a complete nerve defect.


Da notare, però, che in una condizione clinica così grave assistiamo ad una diminuzione dell'ampiezza della  <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs ma non una asimmetria di latenza. Questo risultato indica che c'è stato un danno diretto sulle fibre motorie trigeminali dalla compressione del tumore ( assonotmesi) ma non una demielinizzazione (neuroprassia) che avrebbe mostrato un ritardo di latenza sul massetere destro. E' bene descrivere brevemente la definizione di danno neurologico tenendo conto che il corrispettivo del nervo periferico spinale per il sistema nervoso trigeminale corrisponde alla radice trigeminale motoria. 
'''Neurapraxia''' is a nerve injury commonly induced by focal demyelination and/or ischemia and is the mildest type of peripheral nerve injury. In neurapraxia, nerve impulse conduction is blocked in the injured area, sensory and motor connection is lost, but all morphologic structures of the nerve stump, including the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium, remain intact.
----La '''neurotmesi''' è causata dalla transezione di un nervo ed è il peggior grado di lesione del nervo periferico. Nella neurotmesi, l'intero nervo, compresi l'endoneurio, il perinevrio e l'epinevrio, è completamente reciso. La neurotmesi porta alla rottura dell'assone, della guaina mielinica e dei tessuti connettivi. La prognosi per il recupero spontaneo è infausta senza intervento chirurgico.<ref>Kaya Y, Sarikcioglu L. Sir Herbert Seddon (1903-1977) and his classification scheme for peripheral nerve injury. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015 Feb;31(2):177-80. </ref> La lesione di quinto grado di Sunderland corrisponde alla definizione di neurotmesi nella classificazione di Seddon e rappresenta il più alto grado di lesione nervosa, con un difetto completo del nervo.


La '''neuroaprassia''' è una lesione nervosa comunemente indotta da demielinizzazione focale e/o ischemia ed è il tipo più lieve di lesione del nervo periferico. Nella neuroaprassia, la conduzione degli impulsi nervosi è bloccata nell'area lesa, la connessione motoria e sensoriale è persa, ma tutte le strutture morfologiche del moncone nervoso, inclusi l'endoneurio, il perinevrio e l'epinevrio, rimangono intatte.  
'''Axonotmesis''' is a relatively more serious type of peripheral nerve injury and is usually caused by crushing, stretching, or percussion. In axonotmesis, the epineurium is intact, while the perineurium and endoneurium may be disrupted. The axon is separated from the soma and the axon and myelin sheath are disrupted. Wallerian degeneration occurs in the axon stump distal to the injury site within 24 to 36 hours after peripheral nerve injury.


L''''assonotmesi''' è un tipo relativamente più grave di lesione del nervo periferico e di solito è causata da schiacciamento, stiramento o percussione. Nell'assonotmesi, l'epinevrio è intatto, mentre il perinevrio e l'endoneurio possono essere interrotti. L'assone viene separato dal soma e l'assone e la guaina mielinica vengono interrotti. La degenerazione walleriana si verifica nel moncone dell'assone distale al sito della lesione entro 24-36 ore dopo la lesione del nervo periferico.  
After neurotmesis, Schwann cells respond adaptively to axonal disruption, transitioning from a highly myelinated state to a dedifferentiated state. De-differentiated Schwann cells engulf axons and myelin debris and form a regenerative pathway for axon outgrowth. Additionally, activated Schwann cells secrete a group of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, and leukemia inhibitory factor, to recruit macrophages and facilitate digestion of debris. Schwann cells also secrete a group of neurotrophic factors, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, to encourage neuron survival and axon elongation.<ref>Jessen KR, Mirsky R, Lloyd AC. Schwann Cells: Development and Role in Nerve Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 May 08;7(7):a020487. </ref><ref>Madduri S, Gander B. Schwann cell delivery of neurotrophic factors for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2010 Jun;15(2):93-103.</ref><ref>Yi S, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang L, Zhang K, Qian T, Gu X. Application of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. Burns Trauma. 2020;8:tkaa002</ref>


Dopo la neurotmesi, le cellule di Schwann rispondono in modo adattivo all'interruzione assonale, passando da uno stato altamente mielinizzato a uno stato de-differenziato. Le cellule di Schwann de-differenziate fagocitano assoni e detriti di mielina e formano un percorso di rigenerazione per la crescita degli assoni. Inoltre, le cellule di Schwann attivate secernono un gruppo di citochine, tra cui il fattore di necrosi tumorale-alfa, l'interleuchina-1 alfa e il fattore inibitorio della leucemia, per reclutare i macrofagi e facilitare la digestione dei detriti. Le cellule di Schwann secernono anche un gruppo di fattori neurotrofici, tra cui il fattore di crescita nervoso, il fattore neurotrofico derivato dal cervello e il fattore neurotrofico derivato dalla linea cellulare gliale, per incoraggiare la sopravvivenza dei neuroni e l'allungamento degli assoni.<ref>Jessen KR, Mirsky R, Lloyd AC. Schwann Cells: Development and Role in Nerve Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 May 08;7(7):a020487. </ref><ref>Madduri S, Gander B. Schwann cell delivery of neurotrophic factors for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2010 Jun;15(2):93-103.</ref><ref>Yi S, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang L, Zhang K, Qian T, Gu X. Application of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. Burns Trauma. 2020;8:tkaa002</ref>
Needle electromyography (EMG) is the most sensitive electrodiagnostic study for motor axon loss, and low-amplitude motor responses appear with severe injuries. Decrease in motor response amplitude begins around days 2-3 and is complete by day 6. This reflects the fact that neuromuscular junction degeneration precedes axon degeneration and motor responses are dependent on neuromuscular junction transmission.<ref>Ferrante MA. The Assessment and Management of Peripheral Nerve Trauma. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018 Jun 01;20(7):25.</ref>


L'elettromiografia con ago (EMG) è lo studio elettrodiagnostico più sensibile per la perdita dell'assone motorio e, con lesioni di grande gravità, compaiono risposte motorie di bassa ampiezza. Il decremento dell'ampiezza della risposta motoria inizia intorno ai giorni 2-3 ed è completo entro il giorno 6. Ciò riflette il fatto che la degenerazione della giunzione neuromuscolare precede la degenerazione degli assoni e le risposte motorie dipendono dalla trasmissione della giunzione neuromuscolare.<ref>Ferrante MA. The Assessment and Management of Peripheral Nerve Trauma. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018 Jun 01;20(7):25.</ref>
=== Appendix ===


=== Appendice ===
Paziente trattata da collega odontoiatrico per una riabilitazione protesica seguendo metodiche posturali che attraverso pedane dinamomentriche indicavano la migliore occlusione Centrica. La paziente giunse alla nostra osservazione presentando uno stato clinico di fasciolazione dei muscoli masseteri oltre, ovviamente, un discomfort occlusale e masticatorio. La posizione centrica finalizzata dal collega era, perciò, correlata con la migliore risposta dinamometria posturale ma purtroppo così non é risultato.


Osservando le figure 4,5 e 6 possiamo comprendere come si costruiscono assiomi che non rispondono ad un criterio scientifico convalidato tanto meno ad una realtà biologica Pensare che un fenomeno a distanza come la stabilità posturale dettata da una pedana dinamometria possa convalidare la scelta di una posizione occlusale spaziale raggiunta manualmente dall'operatore si infrange sulla constatazione che osservando lo stato di sistema trigeminale misurandolo attraverso un demand ( <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs) il sistema risponde con una propria posizione spaziale non dettata ne dalla correlazione posturologica ne tanto meno dalle manovre manuali dell'operatore bensì da una proprio risultato vettoriale neuromotorio.
Patient treated by a dental colleague for a prosthetic rehabilitation following postural methods which indicated the best Centric occlusion through dynamometric platforms. The patient came to our observation presenting a clinical state of fasciculation of the masseter muscles as well as, obviously, an occlusal and masticatory discomfort. The centric position finalized by the colleague was, therefore, correlated with the best postural dynamometry response but unfortunately this did not result.
 


<center>
Observing figures 5,6 and 7 we can understand how axioms are built that do not respond to a validated scientific criterion, much less to a biological reality. Thinking that a remote phenomenon such as postural stability dictated by a dynamometric platform can validate the choice of a position occlusal achieved manually by the operator breaks down on the observation that by observing the state of the trigeminal system by measuring it through a demand (<sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs) the system responds with its own spatial position not dictated by posturological correlation nor by the manual maneuvers of the operator but by its own vectorial neuromotor result.<center>
<gallery widths="260" heights="300" perrow="3" slideshow""="">
<gallery widths="260" heights="300" perrow="3" slideshow""="">
File:Pz.posture.png|'''Figura 5:''' Paziente riabilitata seguendo le indicazioni posturologiche da dati dinamometria.
File:Pz.posture.png|'''Figure 5:''' Rehabilitated patient following posturological indications from dynamometry data.
File:Pre Root-MEPs.jpeg|'''Figura 6:''' Occlusione Centrica definita attraverso indicazioni dei dati della pedana dinamometrica.
File:Pre Root-MEPs.jpeg|'''Figure 6:''' Centric occlusion defined through data indications of the dynamometric platform.
File:Post Root-MEPs.jpeg|'''Figura 7:''' Posizione Centrica risultante dalla <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs. Si noti la retrusione di almeno 3 mm e lo spostamento verso sinistra della mandibola.  
File:Post Root-MEPs.jpeg|'''Figure 7:''' Centric position resulting from bRoot-MEPs. Note the retrusion of at least 3mm and the leftward displacement of the mandible.
</gallery>
</gallery>
</center>
</center>




{{Q2|In conclusione la correlazione tra sistema vestibolare e trigeminale benché presente da un punto di vista neurofisiopatologico dovrebbe non essere considerata procedura clinica nelle riabilitatazioni masticatorie.|….dovrebbe esclusivamente essere considerata come campo esplorativo sperimentale per dedurre conoscenze maggiori sulla connettivitá neuronale.}}
{{Q2|In conclusion, the correlation between the vestibular and trigeminal systems, although present from a neurophysiopathological point of view, should not be considered a clinical procedure in masticatory rehabilitation.|….should only be considered as an experimental exploratory field to deduce more knowledge on neuronal connectivity.}}




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