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[[File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_3_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|left|frameless]] | [[File:Meningioma 3 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_3_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|left|frameless]] | ||
In this last chapter referring to the correlation between dental malocclusion and postural disorders we can perceive how the axioms sometimes hastily generated from a limited basic knowledge in the field of trigeminal neurophysiopathology can cause serious damage from a diagnostic point of view. The patient 'Balancer' presented in the previous chapters had been suffering for more than 10 years from a meningioma at the base of the skull which, due to its progressively growing volume, compressed and simultaneously stretched the sensory and motor fibers of the trigeminal system as well as damaging the midbrain centers adjacent to the tumor. The term used by the patient in reporting the disturbance in verbal language, was 'chewing difficulty' but in machine language it should have been decrypted in 'lack of the masticatory stereognosic effect' due to proprioceptive sensory deficit. The absence of the jaw jerk on the right side, in fact, demonstrates the real extent of the damage. The <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs confirm the organic damage and the latency asymmetry of the electrical silent period concludes the clinical diagnosis. MRI shows the severe neurological complication of brainstem displacement. It should be noted that a meningioma of this size increases in volume until it reaches, as in our case, a diameter of 8 cm, with a ten-year time latency. The question is the following: in the early stages of the volumetric increase where only masticatory-type disturbances reported to dental colleagues were appreciable, would it have been possible to make an electrophysiological diagnosis of organic trigeminal damage? Of course yes, because, perhaps we would not have witnessed an absence of reflexes both in latency and in amplitude but we would certainly have noticed a significant asymmetry and a latency delay of the silent period as well as an initial amplitude anomaly in the <sub>b</sub>Root-MEPs. In conclusion, the correlation between the vestibular and trigeminal system, although present from an anatomical and neurophysiopathological point of view, should not be considered by masticatory rehabilitation clinical procedures because an error in the differential diagnosis is too high and dangerous. | |||
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===Introduction=== | ===Introduction=== | ||
In the introductory chapter concerning the 3rd clinical case affected by meningioma in which the masticatory difficulty reported by the patient 'Balancer' had been correlated to a prosthetic rehabilitation discrepancy, we have already arrived at a first diagnostic filter considering the neurological assertion to be valid than the dental one. Consequently, one can concentrate on intercepting the tests necessary to decrypt the machine language code that the CNS sends out converted into verbal language. Apparently this verbal language would address the case in a Postural disorder related to a dental malocclusion due to incongruous prosthetic rehabilitation. If, on the one hand, there may be an asymmetry of the interferential EMG of the masseters due to a prosthetic occlusal imbalance, on the other, such an evident asymmetry of the jaw jerk and the silent period cannot be justified. For this reason, it is essential to continue with the Masticationpedia diagnostic model in order to arrive at an exact and rapid conclusive diagnosis. We therefore begin with the 'Cognitive Neural Network' which responds, as we know by now, with a sequence of scientific-clinical data, always taking into consideration the importance of the 'initiation' step which in this case has been set in 'Gait'. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
<math>CNN=\sum ( </math> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Gait] (45.300), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 motor evoked potentials] (231),[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+AND+reflex%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 reflex] (36), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29696497/ jaw](1) <math>\longrightarrow</math> 'Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and preserved muscle stretch reflexes: evidence for selective sparing of afferent Ia fibres'</blockquote> | <math>CNN=\sum ( </math> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Gait] (45.300), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 motor evoked potentials] (231),[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+AND+reflex%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 reflex] (36), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29696497/ jaw](1) <math>\longrightarrow</math> 'Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and preserved muscle stretch reflexes: evidence for selective sparing of afferent Ia fibres'</blockquote> | ||
=== | ===Diagnostic sequence=== | ||
====1st Step: CNN Sequence==== | ====1st Step: CNN Sequence==== | ||
*< | * '''''<math>\tau</math>''' Coherence Demarcator:'' As we have previously described for the other clinical cases, the first step is an initialization command of the Cognitive Neural Network 'CNN' which derives, in fact, from a previous cognitive elaboration on the assertions in the dental and neurological context in which the ' Demarcator of Consistency' gave a prevailing weight. The dental context has already been eliminated from the Consistency Demarcator. From what emerges from the neurological statements, the 'State' of the Trigeminal Nervous System' appears to be strongly damaged. The initialization command will therefore be 'Gait'. | ||
* | |||
* | * 1st loop open: The first result of the 'CNN' for the keyword '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait++%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=200 Gait]' returns 45,300 results, obviously, too vast to be exhaustive but having ascertained in the context analysis phase a serious trigeminal electrophysiological situation with marked structural anomalies and functional, we can safely enter a correlated key such as ' Motor Evoked Potentials' without specifying the trigeminal district which could encroach on the identified set. | ||
* 2st loop open: To this second query '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Motor Evoked Potentials]' the database replies with 231 results that are still too vast as an answer and therefore we are looking for a key more similar to the clinical case presented. Since the most anomalous results in the neurological context have emerged from the latency and amplitude alterations of the trigeminal reflexes, an appropriate access key could be, in fact, 'Reflex' also without specifying 'trigeminal' for the same anticipated reasons. | |||
* 3st loop open: To the '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%27gait+AND+motor+evoked+potentials+AND+reflex%27&filter=datesearch.y_10&size=200 Reflex]'request, the response was 36 results which narrowed the field of analysis for the diagnosis of our patient 'Balancer'. Only at this level of the CNN can one attempt to close the loop with a more specific request such as 'Jaw'. In this way we have not lost contact with the whole considered and we have remained in the field of electrophysiology. | |||
* 4st loop open: The request '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29696497/ jaw]' in fact in the 36 results it is possible to intercept an article in which some electrophysiological parameters are reported which correspond to a clinical situation of cerebellar ataxia, a pathology in which postural and gait instability is a clinical sign impressive and important. | |||
<nowiki/><nowiki/> | |||
=====2st Step: | =====2st Step: CNN analysis===== | ||
The 'CNN' loop closure analy of course is based on the terminal article which basically describe five patients with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and lower limb muscle stretch reflexes preserve yourself.<ref name=":0">Jon Infante, Antonio García, Karla M Serrano-Cárdenas, Rocío González-Aguado, José Gazulla, Enrique M de Lucas, José Berciano. Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) with chronic cough and preserved muscle stretch reflexes: evidence for selective sparing of afferent Ia fibres.J Neurol . 2018 Jun;265(6):1454-1462. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8872-1.Epub 2018 Apr 25. | |||
</ref> In particular, somatosensory evoked potentials were absent or severely attenuated. Biceps and hamstring T-reflex recordings were normal, while the masseter reflex was absent or attenuated.<blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 2 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_2_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 1:''' Asserzione neurologica <math>\gamma_1</math> che evidenzia una grave anomalia di latenza ed ampiezzza del jaw jerk destro]]The first observation to be made is that the patients were suffering from chronic spasmodic cough and the second observation was the preservation of the tendon reflexes of the lower limbs. In our patient 'Balancer', on the other hand, there was a total absence of the mandibular tendon reflex<ref>The history of examination of reflexes. Boes CJ.J Neurol. 2014 Dec;261(12):2264-74. doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7326-7. Epub 2014 Apr 3.PMID: 24695995 </ref> (<math>\gamma_1</math>) so that the neurological damage was very evident at the trigeminal midbrain level. (Figure 1) The multifunctional contribution of the midbrain synaptic circuitry by the proprioceptive nerve endings ( <math>1a</math> e <math>\gamma</math>) are of primary importance both for posture and for cervico-oculomotor reflexes. A very interesting article by Yongmei Chen et al.<ref>Chen Y, Gong X, Ibrahim SIA, Liang H, Zhang J.. Convergent innervations of mesencephalic trigeminal and vestibular nuclei neurons onto oculomotor and pre-oculomotor neurons-Tract tracing and triple labeling in rats. PLoS One. 2022 Nov 28;17(11):e0278205. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278205. eCollection 2022.PMID: 36441755 </ref> showed, through markers, how neurons afferent to the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) from the jaw muscles project to the oculomotor nuclei (III/IV) and their premotor neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), a well-known pre-oculomotor center that vertically manipulates torsional eye movements. | |||
The conceptual conclusion of the authors was that the Vme proprioceptive neurons of the masticatory projecting muscles at III/IV and INC would detect spindle activity to spatial changes of the jaw conditioned by the force of gravity and/or by the connection between the mandible during rotation of the head. Thus, the convergent innervation of Vme and MVN neurons on the oculomotor and pre-oculomotor nuclei would be a neuroanatomical substrate for the interaction of masticatory proprioception with vestibulo-ocular signals on the oculomotor system during vertical-torsional VOR. The contribution of this article obviously allows us to consider a correlation between the trigeminal system, posture and gait, therefore, the abnormal asymmetry of the jaw jerk could be related to a postural disorder of our patient 'Balancer' | |||
</blockquote> | |||
But there is also to consider the article of Jon Infante <ref name=":0" /> highlighted that all five patients were in the seventh decade of age, their gait imbalance having started in the fifth decade. In four patients, cough preceded gait imbalance between 15 and 29 years of age; the cough was spasmodic and triggered by variable factors. In addition, vestibular function tests showed bilateral impairment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. <blockquote>[[File:Meningioma 6 by Gianni Frisardi.jpeg|link=link=Special:FilePath/Meningioma_6_by_Gianni_Frisardi.jpg|alt=|thumb|'''Figura 2:''' Aspetto occlusale del paziente 'Balancer' a cui era stato più volte ripristinata l'incongrua occlusale sul lato destro.]] | |||
The presence of chronic spasmodic cough, in this study, for over 10 years even before balance and postural disturbances showed up, suggest that machine language, as repeatedly exposed in the specific chapters of Masticationpedia, is a reality not to be overlooked because the ambiguous and vague verbal language covers the information of the encrypted code. As we will demonstrate in the course of the discussion, the analog of the spasmodic cough symptom of the patients reported by Jon Infante's article could be the repeated reporting to the dental colleagues of the chewing difficulty by our patient 'Balancer'. (Figure 2) This parameter has not been considered as an 'encrypted code' but only an element of verbal language logic and therefore vague and ambiguous. The continuous remaking of the prosthetic rehabilitation dampened even more the information of the machine language until the temporal and spatial addition of the organic damage was transformed<ref name=":0" /> into a macroscopic symptom of vertigo and loss of balance in walking </blockquote> | |||
</ | Jon Infante's article<ref name=":0" /> concludes with a striking statement, i.e. that '''spasmodic cough''' can be an integral part of the clinical picture in CANVAS, anticipating the appearance of postural imbalance by several decades and ''that sparing of muscle spindle afferents (Ia fibers) is probably the pathophysiological basis of normoreflexia.'' | ||
{{Q2|We came to the conclusion that the patient's postural disorder could not be related to the rehabilitative occlusal incongruity but to a neurological damage but the question now is the following:|........is the neurological damage functional or organic?}} | |||
=== | ===Decryption process=== | ||
L'iter diagnostico seguito ormai di routine secondo il modello Masticationpedia ci ha consentito di eliminare, attraverso il demarcatore di coerenza <math>\tau</math>, il contesto odontoiatrico per seguire quello neurologico e di approfondire attraverso lo 'Cognitive Neural Network' (CNN) le possibili correlazioni tra sintomi e anomalie neurofisiologiche nei pazienti con disturbi posturali, di deambulazione dovute a patologie funzionali ( labirintiti, neuropatie ecc.) da quelle organiche ( tumori, demielinizzazioni ecc.). Ora bisogna cercare di decriptare il messaggio criptato del linguaggio macchina del Sistema Nervoso Trigeminale. | L'iter diagnostico seguito ormai di routine secondo il modello Masticationpedia ci ha consentito di eliminare, attraverso il demarcatore di coerenza <math>\tau</math>, il contesto odontoiatrico per seguire quello neurologico e di approfondire attraverso lo 'Cognitive Neural Network' (CNN) le possibili correlazioni tra sintomi e anomalie neurofisiologiche nei pazienti con disturbi posturali, di deambulazione dovute a patologie funzionali ( labirintiti, neuropatie ecc.) da quelle organiche ( tumori, demielinizzazioni ecc.). Ora bisogna cercare di decriptare il messaggio criptato del linguaggio macchina del Sistema Nervoso Trigeminale. | ||
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