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[[File:Recovery cycle.jpeg|left|frameless|180x180px]] | [[File:Recovery cycle.jpeg|left|frameless|180x180px]] | ||
The subject, a 32-year-old man affected by marked nocturnal and diurnal bruxism and Orofacial Pain (OP) prevalent in the temporoparietal regions, with greater intensity and frequency on the left side of the face, underwent the diagnostic model Masticationpedia which decrypted the machine language of the Central Nervous System in '(Hyperexcitability' of the Central Nervous System with particular reference to the midbrain trigeminal area. This 'Hyperexcitability' was verified through an electrophysiological method called 'Recovery Cycle of the Inhibitory Masseter Reflex' which highlighted an exaggerated recovery of the silent period evoked by the second electrical stimulus called 'Stimulus test'. This neurophysiological condition led the doctor to request an MRI of the brain which reports a 'Cavernosa Pineal. In conclusion, 'Bruxism' is a form of functional instability of neural excitability and/or organic, therefore, not to exclusively pertinent to dentistry. The continuation of the phenomenon, its intensification and stubbornness in managing it with dental treatments without investigating the 'state' of the system in more detail could be serious and have an unfavorable prognosis. | |||
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=== | === Introduction === | ||
We have therefore reached the section of the Cognitive Neural Network' abbreviated to 'RNC' presented for the diagnosis of the case of our 'Mary Poppins' in the chapter 'Encrypted code: Ephaptic transmission' and which we will propose again as a diagnostic model to accustom the reader to the procedure , simple, intuitive but essential in clinical cases of complex diagnosis such as our patient 'Bruxer'. Our starting point, therefore, is the point of arrival of the phase preceding the 'RNC', ie the discriminatory phase of the contexts ('''<math>\tau</math>''' Coherence Demarcator). The low diagnostic weight derived from the neurological assertions <math>\Im_n\cup0,33 | |||
</math>, | </math>, in fact, refers only to a modest difference in the amplitude of the jaw jerk. Also in this case the Cognitive Neural Network (CNN) can help us to focus the machine language code and decrypt it. We therefore follow the same procedure already described extensively in the chapter '[[Encrypted code: Ephaptic transmission - it|Encrypted code: Ephaptic transmission]]' and we will have the following result: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
<math>CNN=\sum ( </math> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+ Bruxism] (4398), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 trigeminal system] (29), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+AND+abnormal+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 abnormality] ( 5), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism%20AND%20trigeminal%20system%20AND%20abnormal%20AND%20excitability excitability] ( 3)<math>\longrightarrow</math>The excitability of the trigeminal motor system in sleep bruxism: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and brainstem reflex study </blockquote> | <math>CNN=\sum ( </math> [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+ Bruxism] (4398), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 trigeminal system] (29), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+AND+abnormal+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 abnormality] ( 5), [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism%20AND%20trigeminal%20system%20AND%20abnormal%20AND%20excitability excitability] ( 3)<math>\longrightarrow</math>The excitability of the trigeminal motor system in sleep bruxism: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and brainstem reflex study </blockquote> | ||
=== | === Diagnostic sequences === | ||
==== | ====1st Step: CNN Sequence ==== | ||
* | *'''''<math>\tau</math>''' Coherence Demarcator:'' As we have previously described, the first step is an initialization command of the network analysis which derives, in fact, from a previous cognitive elaboration of the assertions in the dental context <math>\delta_n</math> and the neurological one <math>\gamma_n</math> to which the ' <math>\tau</math> Coherence Demarcator' has given an absolute weight effectively eliminating the dental context <math>\delta_n</math> from the process. From what emerges from the neurological statements <math>\gamma_n</math> the 'State' of the Trigeminal Nervous System appears relatively asymmetrical in amplitude for the jaw jerk, given an average of <math>\Im_n\cup0,33 | ||
</math>. | </math>. This does not allow the initial purely neurologica<nowiki/>l command to be entered in the Pubmed database as was performed for the previous clinical case of Mary Poppins. The initialization command will therefore be '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+ Bruxism]' which will concern both data samples (dental and neurological). | ||
*<nowiki/><nowiki/><u>1<sup>st</sup> loop open:</u> | *<nowiki/><nowiki/><u>1<sup>st</sup> loop open:</u> This 'Initialization command', therefore, is considered as initial input for the Pubmed database which responds with 4398 clinical and experimental data available to the clinician. The opening of the first real cognitive analysis is elaborated precisely on the analysis of the first result of the 'CNN' corresponding to 'Bruxism'. In this phase, given the negativity of the dental report and the minimal positivity of the neurological context, it would be necessary to identify a neurological component for which '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 Trigeminale system]' is added as the 1st open loop. | ||
*<u>2<sup>st</sup></u><nowiki/><nowiki/> <u>loop o</u><nowiki/><nowiki/><u>pen:</u> | *<u>2<sup>st</sup></u><nowiki/><nowiki/> <u>loop o</u><nowiki/><nowiki/><u>pen:</u> The process continues by focusing in ever more detail on the keywords that match our trigeminal specific context outcome data that we should complete with an '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism+AND+trigeminal+system+AND+abnormal+&ac=yes&cauthor_id=None&user_filter=&schema=none&page=1&whatsnew=None&show_snippets=on&format=summary&sort=relevance&sort_order=desc&size=10 Abnormality]' term. This term will perform the 2nd open loop with 5 specific items. At this point, one should cognitively make the effort to evaluate all 5 articles in order to be able to extrapolate some clinical or laboratory indications necessary for the decryption of the machine language code of the Central Nervous System. The evaluation of the articles revealed a phenomenon possibly present in some cases of bruxism, that of an altered excitability of the trigeminal system. Therefore, the term 'Excitability' was inserted in the network at the 3rd open loop. | ||
*<u>3<sup>st</sup> loop open:</u> In | *<u>3<sup>st</sup> loop open:</u> In this phase the '[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bruxism%20AND%20trigeminal%20system%20AND%20abnormal%20AND%20excitability Excitability]' data returned 3 very significant articles which highlight how the level of excitability of the trigeminal CNS can be tested through an electrophysiological technique called '''Recovery cycle' of the mass''<nowiki/>''eteric inhibitory ref''<nowiki/>''lex and signed in rcMIR.'' Obviously, in the case in question, the closure of the network loop was done on the first article in which this methodology is mentioned (the last article in chronological order was ours). From this article 'The excitability of the trigeminal motor system in sleep bruxism: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and brainstem reflex study' it is deduced that in patients who have reported signs and symptoms indicative of nocturnal bruxism (SB), there is an abnormal excitability of the trigeminal motor pathways. This increased excitability could result from altered modulation of inhibitory brainstem circuits and not from altered cortical mechanisms. The results support the idea that bruxism is mainly centrally mediated and involves subcortical structures. | ||
{{Q2| | {{Q2|Also in this clinical case it is clear that the term 'Bruxism' is only a conventional term in an ambiguous and vague verbal language while the term 'Hyperexcitability' is a decrypted machine language.}} | ||
==== | ==== 2nd Step: Recovery cycle of the Inhibitory Masseter Reflex ==== | ||
The recovery cycle of the Inhibitory Masseter Reflex (<sub>rc</sub>MIR) was studied by generating pairs of stimuli with identical characteristics, delivered percutaneously with a bipolar electrical stimulator positioned on the patient's face in the area of the mental nerve. The stimulation was produced using square wave electrical impulses, capable of evoking a well-defined inhibitory reflex composed of two silent periods (SP), called SP1 and SP2, separated by an interval of recovery of the EMG "Interposed Activity" ( IA). The first stimulus (S1) was considered as a conditioning stimulus and the second (S2) as a test stimulus. The inter-stimulus interval between S1 and S2 was set at 150 ms. | |||
The subject was asked to clench his teeth to produce maximal EMG activity and to maintain the contraction for at least 3 s, with the help of visual and audio feedback. After 60 seconds of rest, the subject repeated the contraction 10 times. The EMG signal was recorded in directly rectified and averaged mode. The placement of the recording electrodes was the same as that used to record the jaw jerk and the preamplifier parameters are set to a time window width of 500ms, 200mV per division and a filter bandwidth of 50-1kHz. The latencies and durations of the SPs and the AI (Figure 1) were calculated as follows: | |||
[[File:Recovery cycle.jpeg|center|thumb|'''Figura 1:''' Ciclo di recupero del Riflesso Massetere Inibitorio (rcMIR)]] | [[File:Recovery cycle.jpeg|center|thumb|'''Figura 1:''' Ciclo di recupero del Riflesso Massetere Inibitorio (rcMIR)]] | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
* | *To simplify the examination, the rcMIR was evoked by electrically stimulating the left side only. The EMG responses correspond to the EMG tracings of the right masseter (Ch1) and left masseter (Ch2). Thus, on the traces, each marker indicates the channel number, while the letters indicate the sequences of latencies. | ||
* | *The S1 stimulus splits the acquisition into pre and post analysis and generates the SPs and the AI. | ||
* | *The stimulus S2 delivered 150 ms from S1, called interstimulus (IS), evokes the second SP sequence and the IA. | ||
* | *The SP of S1 and S2 are determined automatically by the software which positions the markers on the first and last minimum value elaborated on the traces for the generation of SP1 and SP2, and contextually calculates their duration. The IA duration is calculated between the last minimum value of SP1 and the first minimum value of SP2. | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
In the tested subject the S2 stimulus was able to evoke both SPs, while in a normal subject the S2 stimulus is normally able to evoke only the SP1 or at most one SP2 of reduced duration. As shown in Table 2, the duration of S2-evoked SP1 was found to be very stable, with no significant differences in the duration of S1-generated SP1 (Δ= -1ms for Ch1 and Δ= -2 ms for Ch2) while the from S2 on the right and left masseter (61 ms and 54 ms, respectively) was longer than that evoked by S1 (39 ms and 35 ms, respectively). The differences were +22 ms for Ch1 (right masseter) and +19 ms for Ch2 (left masseter). Consequently, the duration of the AI showed clear differences between S2 and S1. The duration of the S2-evoked AI was 12 ms vs. 23 ms of S1 stimulus for the right masseter (Ch1) and 17 ms vs 30 ms of S1 for the left masseter (Ch2) with a difference between the responses evoked by S2 minus S1 of -11 ms and -13 ms, respectively. | |||
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</Center>{{Q2| | </Center>{{Q2|The test showed a high speed of recovery of the synaptic responses of the trigeminal system, index of neuronal hyperexcitability. This led the clinician to urgently request an MRI of the brain to define the correct diagnosis.}} | ||
==== | ==== 3rd Step: brain MNR ==== | ||
MRI of the brain, using Turbo Spin Echo, Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery, and Gradient Echo sequences, was conducted before and after intravenous administration of contrast medium. Results showed the presence of a roundish area of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter located in the vicinity of the quadrigeminal cistern at the level of the pineal gland. There was also a slight dilation of the supratentorial ventricular system, which appeared in the axis and was most evident in the proximity of the temporal horns, with a periventricular rim with a transependymal fluid absorption phenomenon.<ref>Peter H Yang, Alison Almgren-Bell, Hongjie Gu, Anna V Dowling, Sangami Pugazenthi, Kimberly Mackey, Esther B Dupépé, Jennifer M Strahle. Etiology- and region-specific characteristics of transependymal cerebrospinal fluid flow. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022 Aug 12;1-11. doi: 10.3171/2022.7.PEDS2246. Online ahead of print.</ref> The signal characteristics of the formation suggested a provisional diagnosis of pineal cavernoma. ( | MRI of the brain, using Turbo Spin Echo, Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery, and Gradient Echo sequences, was conducted before and after intravenous administration of contrast medium. Results showed the presence of a roundish area of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter located in the vicinity of the quadrigeminal cistern at the level of the pineal gland. There was also a slight dilation of the supratentorial ventricular system, which appeared in the axis and was most evident in the proximity of the temporal horns, with a periventricular rim with a transependymal fluid absorption phenomenon.<ref>Peter H Yang, Alison Almgren-Bell, Hongjie Gu, Anna V Dowling, Sangami Pugazenthi, Kimberly Mackey, Esther B Dupépé, Jennifer M Strahle. Etiology- and region-specific characteristics of transependymal cerebrospinal fluid flow. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022 Aug 12;1-11. doi: 10.3171/2022.7.PEDS2246. Online ahead of print.</ref> The signal characteristics of the formation suggested a provisional diagnosis of pineal cavernoma. (Figures 2 and 3) | ||
<center> | <center> | ||
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{{Q2| | {{Q2|Definitive diagnosis: Pineal cavernoma}} | ||
===''' | ==='''Final considerations'''=== | ||
As we can see from the 'Visual Cognitive gallery', the neurological context is enriched by the contribution deriving from the decryption of the machine language through the <sub>rc</sub>MIR (<math>\gamma_4</math>) test to definitively close the diagnosis with the MR report (<math>\gamma_5</math>). The diagnostic model Masticationpedia not only supports the doctor in complex diagnoses but above all it is an element of implementation of our basic knowledge <math>(Kb)</math>. It will be useful to represent this cognitive interpretation by correlating it to the images of the assertions of the neurological context.<center> | |||
<center> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! colspan="2" |Visual Cognitive gallery | ! colspan="2" |Visual Cognitive gallery | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" |Cognitive logical sequence of machine language decryption of the trigeminal Central Nervous System: as quoted somewhere | ||
of Masticationpedia also the sequence of the phases has its decrypting value, as will be deduced by following the images and the cognitive contents | |||
resulting under each picture. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Bruxer_Jaw_jerk.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless]]<math>\gamma_2=</math> Jaw jerk | |[[File:Bruxer_Jaw_jerk.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless]]<math>\gamma_2=</math> Jaw jerk | ||
|'''Question 1:''' | |'''Question 1:''' As a first step, the assertion that the specific phase highlights an anomaly, even if of minor importance, such as amplitude asymmetry, should always be considered, but the absolute value of the amplitudes on each side should also be noted at the same time. Note in the lower section of the window that the right masseter shows an amplitude of 5 mV while the left one of 8.50 mV. The question to ask is: What is the population mean jaw jerk amplitude? This question is of essential importance because it allows us to understand whether this asymmetry is primarily functional or organic and secondly to quantify its absolute response, but with respect to what? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Bruxer_MEP.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless]]<math>\gamma_1=</math> Root-MEPs trigeminale | |[[File:Bruxer_MEP.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless]]<math>\gamma_1=</math> Root-MEPs trigeminale | ||
|'''Question 2:''' | |'''Question 2:''' To the motor evoked response of the trigeminal roots recorded on the masseter muscles called bRoot-MEPs.<ref>Frisardi G. The use of transcranial stimulation in the fabrication of an occlusal splint. J Prosthet Dent, 1992, DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(92)90345-b</ref><ref>G. Frisardi 1, P. Ravazzani, G. Tognola, F Grandori. Electric versus magnetic transcranial stimulation of the trigeminal system in healthy subjects. Clinical applications in gnathology. J Oral Rehabil.1997 Dec;24(12):920-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1997.00577.x.</ref> This neurophysiological response indicates the anatomical component of the trigeminal motor system of the individual being examined and contextually the absolute amplitude value which, obviously, would correspond to the neuronal energy evoked by the depolarization of all the trigeminal motor fibres contained in the motor root. This very important datum determines the absolute value to which other reflections such as jaw jerk and lateral symmetry refer. Already from these first two questions, we can conclude that the average amplitude <math>\approxeq 30%</math> of the Root-MEPs we are faced with a datum far beyond the limit, namely <math>\approxeq 79%</math> which represents a sort of hyper-excitability of the midbrain response. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Bruxer_SP1.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless|260x260px]]<math>\gamma_3=</math> Periodo Silente Masseterino | |[[File:Bruxer_SP1.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless|260x260px]]<math>\gamma_3=</math> Periodo Silente Masseterino | ||
|'''Question 3:''' | |'''Question 3:''' Doubt could arise about being in a situation of degenerative and/or demyelinating neuropathy but the test of the electric masseter silent period annuls this hypothesis as both the latency and the duration of the first and second silent period (ES1 and ES2) are symmetrical. Also, the interposed activity of reactivation of the motor units which divides the two silent periods results in symmetry in the integral area between the sides. This data can only highlight hyperexcitability of the trigeminal system by coupling a second electrical stimulus following the first and evoking what has been described, i.e. the recovery cycle of the Inhibitory Masseter Reflex (<sub>rc</sub>RIM) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Recovery_cycle.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless|270x270px]]<math>\gamma_4=</math> Ciclo di recupero del RIM | |[[File:Recovery_cycle.jpeg|alt=|center|frameless|270x270px]]<math>\gamma_4=</math> Ciclo di recupero del RIM | ||
|'''Question 4:''' | |'''Question 4:''' The recovery cycle of the crRIM masseteric inhibitory reflex must be conceptually coupled to the exaggerated amplitude of the jaw jerk because it indicates a condition of hyperexcitability which certainly involves the mesencephalic nuclei with increased excitability of the <math>\gamma</math> motoneurons and of the polysynaptic circuitry responsible for inhibition of the motor neuron of the masseter silent period. Take into account the value of the cognitive process of the neural network which has identified the decryption key of neural hyperexcitability in the <sub>cr</sub>RIM. Only with the jaw jerk exam, we would never reached the decryption until the patient's symptoms had worsened enough to require an MR but we all know that this eventuality could be delayed and fatal. Logically, the diagnosis following this process could have been made even 10 years earlier because a sort of attenuated hyperexcitability would certainly have already been present such as to make the physician suspicious. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Pineal_cavernoma_pre_surgery_2.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|180x180px]]<math>\gamma_5=</math> Cavernoma Pineale | |[[File:Pineal_cavernoma_pre_surgery_2.jpg|alt=|center|frameless|180x180px]]<math>\gamma_5=</math> Cavernoma Pineale | ||
|'''Question 5:''' | |'''Question 5:''' The conclusion of the process as already described indicates that a Cavernosa Pineal is very difficult to attack due to its anatomical position. The patient was referred to a specialist Centre of Neurosurgery in Verona by Prof. Albino Bricolo who succeeded in eliminating the vascular malformation through endoscopic surgery and giving our dear patient 'Bruxer' a dignified life without a dental bite plane. | ||
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| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
{| | {| | ||
|+{{Q2|In | |+{{Q2|In honor of Prof. Albino Bricolo neurosurgeon who saved the life of our patient 'Bruxer'}} | ||
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|[[File:Pineal cavernoma pre surgery 1.jpeg|thumb|150x150px|MR | |[[File:Pineal cavernoma pre surgery 1.jpeg|thumb|150x150px|Pre-surgical axial MR]] | ||
|[[File:Pineal cavernoma post surgery 1.jpeg|thumb|155x155px|MR | |[[File:Pineal cavernoma post surgery 1.jpeg|thumb|155x155px|Post-surgical axial MR]] | ||
|[[File:Pineal cavernoma pre surgery 2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|MR | |[[File:Pineal cavernoma pre surgery 2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Pre-surgical sagittal MR]] | ||
|[[File:Pienal cavernoma post surgery 2.jpeg|thumb|154x154px|MR | |[[File:Pienal cavernoma post surgery 2.jpeg|thumb|154x154px|Post-surgical sagittal MR]] | ||
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{{Q2| | {{Q2|'Bruxism' is a form of instability of neural excitability of a functional and/or organic type, therefore not exclusively pertinent to dentistry.}}{{bib}} |
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