Asse Cerniera Verticale

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Introduzione

Nel capitolo precedente, 'Transverse Hinge Axis', abbiamo introdotto la cinematica mandibolare concentrandoci sul piano sagittale. Durante i movimenti di protrusione e retrusione, la mandibola non si muove esclusivamente lungo l'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} , ma ruota attorno al centro dell'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} . Questo movimento condilare si manifesta anteriormente, dove l'incisivo mandibolare segue traiettorie curvilinee inverse, risultato di un complesso moto spaziale generato dalla rototraslazione sugli assi condilari. Lo spazio angolare risultante, noto come 'Spazio libero Interincisivo', è essenziale per consentire movimenti masticatori fluidi e senza ostacoli.

Questo 'Spazio libero Interincisivo' riveste un ruolo cruciale nelle funzioni masticatorie. Tuttavia, strumenti come il Sirognatograph e i sistemi elettromagnetici tradizionali trascurano la componente rotazionale dei movimenti condilari, focalizzandosi principalmente sulle traslazioni. Sebbene ciò possa essere sufficiente per alcune registrazioni, tale approccio è limitato nel cogliere la complessità dei movimenti mandibolari a sei gradi di libertà.

Cinematica Mandibolare a Sei Gradi di Libertà

Il movimento mandibolare avviene in uno spazio tridimensionale e può essere descritto come un complesso moto spaziale. Ogni condilo è associato a tre assi principali:

Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} (latero-mediale): Definisce la rotazione attorno all'asse cerniera trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} , transverse Hinge Axis).
**Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z} (verticale):** Definisce la rotazione sull'asse cerniera verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ).
**Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} (antero-posteriore): Definisce la rotazione attorno all'asse cerniera orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).

A ciascun asse corrisponde un piano di riferimento anatomico:

Piano sagittale: Mostra il tracciato condilare prodotto dal movimento di rototraslazione dell'asse trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} ).
Piano coronale: Associato all'asse orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).
Piano assiale: Legato al movimento generato attorno all'asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} , noto anche come asse cerniera verticale).

Va evidenziato che un piano non è generato da un asse; un asse può al massimo essere contenuto in un piano o rappresentare una direzione. Più precisamente, il movimento di un asse genera una 'superficie rigata', che descrive le traiettorie spaziali risultanti.

Asse cerniera verticale

Ci concentreremo sull’asse cerniera verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) per la sua rilevanza nei sistemi di registrazione cinematici come pantografi, elegnatografi e assiografi. Tuttavia, è necessario esaminare il razionale della Gnatologia Classica per comprendere l'interazione tra piani e assi nel descrivere i movimenti condilari.

Il pantografo analogico è stato considerato un dispositivo capace di riprodurre con precisione i movimenti di confine dei tracciati condilari e di trasferirli su un articolatore completamente regolabile tramite le sue 6 piastrine.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Successivamente, si è riportato che anche il pantografo elettronico registrava i determinanti condilari con un intervallo accettabile (argomento trattato nei capitoli successivi).^[4]

Un determinante particolare del movimento condilare, la traslazione laterale immediata mandibolare (Movimento di Bennett), è stato oggetto di dibattito e confusione nella letteratura protesica.^[5] Tuttavia, una recente revisione della letteratura ha evidenziato una mancanza di prove sul significato clinico di questo movimento.^[6]

Nota sulla Precisione e Sugli Obiettivi dello Studio
Questo studio mira a fornire una comprensione concettuale dei principi cinematici coinvolti nella dinamica masticatoria, con un focus sulla biomeccanica mandibolare. Sebbene i calcoli siano stati eseguiti con rigore, potrebbero verificarsi discrepanze dovute a:

Approssimazioni nei dati numerici: Differenze nei valori cartesiani legate a variabili operative.

Limiti di rappresentazione: Uso di numeri approssimati per motivi pratici.

Finalità cliniche: Lo scopo è descrivere concetti piuttosto che ottenere precisione assoluta.

Figura 1: Cinematica mandibolare sul piano assiale rappresentata dai markers prelevati dallo strumento ogni 20 mSec. Questi punti rappresentano i condili laterotrusivi dal punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L_c } e mediotrusivi Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle M_c } . Il Laterotrusive point (a sinistra) e il Mediotrusive point (a destra) tracciano la posizione dei condili della mandibola durante un movimento masticatorio laterale, che include movimenti complessi di traslazione e rotazione. I punti numerati (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c } ) seguono il movimento del condilo laterotrusivo nel tempo, mentre i punti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8M_c } seguono il condilo mediotrusivo. Nell'area del Molar point e dell' Incisal point sono rappresentati i percorsi occlusali durante la masticazione.

Passi Successivi

In questo capitolo, analizzeremo la cinematica dell'asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) e il fenomeno masticatorio, rappresentandolo con tracciati estratti da lavori di riferimento come quello di Lund e Gibbs.^[7](Figura 1)

Descrizione della Calibrazione: da Pixel a Millimetri

La calibrazione di un'immagine per ottenere misurazioni accurate richiede l'attenzione a diversi fattori critici. Estrarre distanze da un'immagine può essere complesso, poiché la precisione dipende da:

Fattori di distorsione: Le immagini possono essere affette da distorsioni ottiche, che devono essere corrette calibrando la camera utilizzando, ad esempio, una scacchiera di riferimento.
Effetto prospettico: La scala di riferimento varia con la distanza dal piano di acquisizione. Per oggetti posti a diverse profondità, è necessario applicare fattori di scala specifici, calcolati utilizzando un modello come quello della pin-hole camera.
Distorsioni prospettiche: Queste possono essere corrette utilizzando ottiche telecentriche, particolarmente utili per applicazioni che richiedono un'elevata accuratezza, come nelle misurazioni spaziali o bioingegneristiche.

Con questa premessa, il fattore di scala utilizzato nel nostro studio rappresenta un'approssimazione valida nel contesto specifico delle immagini 2D acquisite in condizioni controllate. Tuttavia, per applicazioni più rigorose, come quelle descritte sopra, è necessario considerare strumenti e metodi avanzati per la calibrazione.

Calcolo della Distanza tra i Punti

Le coordinate dei punti sono:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Q_2(525.3, -406)} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_2(764.4, -407.1)}

La formula per la distanza euclidea è:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}}

Sostituendo i valori:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(764.4 - 525.3)^2 + (-407.1 - (-406))^2}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(239.1)^2 + (-1.1)^2}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{57121.81 + 1.21} = \sqrt{57123.02} \approx 239.02 \, \text{pixel}}

Conversione della Scala in mm

Dato che il segmento di Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 239.02 \, \text{pixel}} equivale a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1 \, \text{cm} = 10 \, \text{mm}} , calcoliamo la conversione in mm/pixel:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text{Scala in mm/pixel} = \frac{\text{Lunghezza reale (in mm)}}{\text{Distanza in pixel}} = \frac{10}{239.02} \approx 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}}

Quindi, ogni pixel nella figura corrisponde a circa:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}} .

Esempio di Applicazione: Conversione Distanza in mm

Supponiamo di voler calcolare una distanza in mm. Ad esempio, se la distanza in pixel fosse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 100 \, \text{pixel}} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d_\text{mm} = 100 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 4.184 \, \text{mm} }

Risultato Finale

La scala è:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 239.02 \, \text{pixel/cm}}
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}}

Questi valori possono essere usati per convertire qualsiasi distanza misurata in pixel nella figura in unità metriche come millimetri o centimetri.

Cinematica dei Condili

Traslazioni e Rotazioni dei Condili

Nel contesto del movimento mandibolare, i condili eseguono sia movimenti traslatori (spostamenti lineari) sia rotatori (movimenti angolari attorno a specifici assi). Questo doppio movimento, noto come rototraslazione, è fondamentale per comprendere la cinematica mandibolare.

Per descrivere la posizione e il movimento di ciascun condilo nel tempo, si utilizzano vettori di posizione, che variano in modulo e direzione a seguito del moto elicoidale. Il moto è descritto da una combinazione di spostamenti lineari e variazioni angolari che influenzano la posizione dei vettori nello spazio tridimensionale.

Vettori di Posizione del Condilo Laterotrusivo (Lavorante)

Il condilo laterotrusivo si trova sul lato in cui avviene la laterotrusione (spostamento laterale della mandibola). Durante il movimento, la sua posizione è descritta dal seguente vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_l(t) = [X_l(t), Y_l(t), Z_l(t), \theta_l(t), \phi_l(t), \psi_l(t)] }

Dove:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X_l(t), Y_l(t), Z_l(t)} : Spostamenti lineari lungo gli assi cartesiani:
- Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X_l(t)} : Spostamento antero-posteriore.
- Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y_l(t)} : Spostamento latero-mediale.
- Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z_l(t)} : Spostamento verticale.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta_l(t)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi_l(t)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi_l(t)} : Rotazioni angolari attorno agli assi Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z} , descritte con gli angoli di Eulero.

Adottiamo la convenzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X,Y,Z} , che segue l’ordine:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta_l(t)} : Rotazione attorno a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} (torsione laterale).
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi_l(t)} : Rotazione attorno a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} (apertura/chiusura).
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \psi_l(t)} : Rotazione attorno a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z} (rotazione laterale/mediale).

Questa sequenza consente una descrizione univoca dell’orientamento del condilo nello spazio.

Figura 2: Tracciati cinematici masticatori sul piano sagittale.
Figura 2: Tracciati cinematici masticatori sul piano sagittale.
Figura 3: Tracciati cinematici masticatori sul piano coronale.
Figura 4: Tracciati cinematici masticatori sul piano assiale.

Traslazione del Condilo Mediotrusivo

Il condilo mediotrusivo, sul lato opposto al movimento laterale, si muove principalmente con una traslazione anteriore e mediale nello spazio tridimensionale. La traslazione è descritta dal seguente vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_M(t) = \begin{pmatrix} X_M(t) \\ Y_M(t) \\ Z_M(t) \end{pmatrix} }

Dove:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (X_M(t), Y_M(t), Z_M(t))} : Coordinate temporali del condilo mediotrusivo nello spazio cartesiano.

Questo tipo di traslazione influenza significativamente i tracciati occlusali, generando variazioni di orientamento durante il ciclo masticatorio.

Descrizione delle misure lineari ed angolari

Rappresentazione scalare dei tracciati condilari

Descrizione delle distanze e delle direzioni

Di seguito sono riportate le distanze calcolate tra i punti rispetto al punto di partenza (punto 1, massima intercuspidazione), considerato punto di riferimento, e le relative direzioni nello spazio, utilizzando le coordinate corrette per gli assi Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} (antero-posteriore) e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} (latero-mediale).

Calcolo delle distanze tra i punti

Le coordinate dei punti estrapolate da Geogebra dopo calibrazione, per il condilo laterotrusivo, sono:

1L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (58.3, -50.9)}
2L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (59, -92.3)}
3L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (46.3, -169.5)}
4L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44.1, -207.7)}
5L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (38.4, -136.2)}
6L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (36.4, -48.2)}
7L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44, -34.9)}
8L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (52.9, -48)}

Fattore di scala: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}}

Distanze rispetto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(59 - 58.3)^2 + (-92.3 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(0.7)^2 + (-41.4)^2} = \sqrt{0.49 + 1714.36} \approx 41.41 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 41.41 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 1.734 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 3L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(46.3 - 58.3)^2 + (-169.5 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-12)^2 + (-118.6)^2} = \sqrt{144 + 14063.96} \approx 119.17 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 119.17 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 4.99 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44.1 - 58.3)^2 + (-207.7 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-14.2)^2 + (-156.8)^2} = \sqrt{201.64 + 24589.44} \approx 157.43 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 157.43 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 6.59 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 5L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(38.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-136.2 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-19.9)^2 + (-85.3)^2} = \sqrt{396.01 + 7275.09} \approx 87.6 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 87.6 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 3.66 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(36.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-48.2 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-21.9)^2 + (2.7)^2} = \sqrt{479.61 + 7.29} \approx 22.06 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 22.06 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.923 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44 - 58.3)^2 + (-34.9 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-14.3)^2 + (16)^2} = \sqrt{204.49 + 256} \approx 21.47 \, \text{pixel}} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 21.47 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.898 \, \text{mm}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(52.9 - 58.3)^2 + (-48 - (-50.9))^2} = \sqrt{(-5.4)^2 + (2.9)^2} = \sqrt{29.16 + 8.41} \approx 6.13 \, \text{pixel}}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 6.13 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.257 \, \text{mm}}

Bibliography & references

↑ Curtis, D.A. ∙ Sorensen, J.A. Errors incurred in programming a fully adjustable articulator with a pantograph J Prosthet Dent. 1986; 55:427-429
↑ Clayton, J.A. ∙ Kotowicz, W.E. ∙ Zahler, J.M. Pantographic tracings of mandibular movements and occlusion J Prosthet Dent. 1971; 75:389-395
↑ Shields, J.M. ∙ Clayton, J.A. ∙ Sindledecker, L.D. Using pantographic tracings to detect TMJ and muscle dysfunctions J Prosthet Dent. 1978; 39:80-87
↑ Payne, J. Condylar determinants in a patient population: electronic pantograph assessment J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:157-163
↑ Bennett, N.G. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible Proc R Soc Med. 1908; 1:79-98
↑ Taylor, T.D. ∙ Bidra, A.S. ∙ Nazarova, E. ... Clinical significance of immediate mandibular lateral translation: A systematic review J Prosthet Dent. 2016; 115:412-418
↑ N A Wickwire, C H Gibbs, A P Jacobson, H C Lundeen. Chewing patterns in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1981 Jan;51(1):48-60.

Cinematica Mandibolare: Rotazioni e Traslazioni Condilari

Introduzione

Nel capitolo precedente, Transverse Hinge Axis, abbiamo introdotto la cinematica mandibolare analizzandone i movimenti sul piano sagittale. Durante i movimenti di **protrusione** e **retrusione**, la mandibola non si muove esclusivamente lungo l'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} , ma ruota anche attorno all'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} . Questo genera una traiettoria curvilinea dell’incisivo mandibolare, risultato di un complesso moto spaziale che combina **rotazione e traslazione condilare**.

Uno degli aspetti chiave di questa dinamica è lo **spazio libero interincisivo**, una regione angolare che permette movimenti masticatori fluidi e senza interferenze. Tuttavia, gli strumenti di analisi come il **Sirognatograph** e i sistemi elettromagnetici convenzionali ad effetto Hall tendono a focalizzarsi sulle traslazioni condilari, trascurando la componente rotazionale. Sebbene ciò possa essere sufficiente in alcuni contesti, non è adeguato a rappresentare fedelmente i movimenti mandibolari a sei gradi di libertà.

Cinematica Mandibolare a Sei Gradi di Libertà

Il movimento mandibolare si sviluppa in uno **spazio tridimensionale** e può essere descritto attraverso **sei gradi di libertà**, suddivisi in **tre traslazioni** e **tre rotazioni**.

Ogni condilo si muove rispetto ai seguenti **assi principali**:

- - Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} (latero-mediale):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} , transverse Hinge Axis).
  - Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z} (verticale):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ).
  - Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} (antero-posteriore):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).

A ciascun asse corrisponde un **piano di riferimento anatomico**:

Piano sagittale: mostra il tracciato condilare prodotto dalla **rototraslazione** sull’asse trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} ).
Piano coronale: associato all’asse orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).
Piano assiale: legato alla rotazione sull’asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ).

Nota: un piano non è generato direttamente da un asse, bensì un asse può essere contenuto in un piano o definirne una direzione. Più precisamente, il movimento di un asse genera una superficie rigata, che rappresenta l’insieme delle traiettorie spaziali risultanti.

Asse Cerniera Verticale e Strumenti di Registrazione

L’**asse cerniera verticale** (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) è particolarmente rilevante per i sistemi di registrazione cinematici, come:

- - Pantografi** (analogici ed elettronici)
  - Elettrongnatografi**
  - Assiografi**

Strumenti di Registrazione e Precisione

Il pantografo analogico è stato a lungo considerato un dispositivo preciso per la riproduzione dei tracciati condilari e il loro trasferimento su un articolatore regolabile.^[1]^[2]^[3]
Il pantografo elettronico, introdotto successivamente, ha dimostrato una precisione comparabile nella registrazione dei determinanti condilari.^[4]
Un parametro controverso nel movimento condilare è la **traslazione laterale immediata mandibolare** (Movimento di Bennett), il cui significato clinico è stato oggetto di dibattito.^[5] Studi recenti indicano che non esistono prove sufficienti a confermare la sua rilevanza clinica.^[6]

Nota sulla Precisione e Sugli Obiettivi dello Studio
Questo studio mira a fornire una comprensione concettuale dei principi cinematici coinvolti nella dinamica masticatoria, con un focus sulla biomeccanica mandibolare. Sebbene i calcoli siano stati eseguiti con rigore, potrebbero verificarsi discrepanze dovute a:

Approssimazioni nei dati numerici: Differenze nei valori cartesiani legate a variabili operative.

Limiti di rappresentazione: Uso di numeri approssimati per motivi pratici.

Finalità cliniche: Lo scopo è descrivere concetti piuttosto che ottenere precisione assoluta.

Figura 1: Cinematica mandibolare sul piano assiale rappresentata dai markers prelevati dallo strumento ogni 20 mSec. Questi punti rappresentano i condili laterotrusivi dal punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L_c } e mediotrusivi Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle M_c } . Il Laterotrusive point (a sinistra) e il Mediotrusive point (a destra) tracciano la posizione dei condili della mandibola durante un movimento masticatorio laterale, che include movimenti complessi di traslazione e rotazione. I punti numerati (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c } ) seguono il movimento del condilo laterotrusivo nel tempo, mentre i punti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8M_c } seguono il condilo mediotrusivo. Nell'area del Molar point e dell' Incisal point sono rappresentati i percorsi occlusali durante la masticazione.

Passi Successivi

In questo capitolo, analizzeremo la cinematica dell'asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) e il fenomeno masticatorio, rappresentandolo con tracciati estratti da lavori di riferimento come quello di Lund e Gibbs.^[7](Figura 1)

Misurazioni e Conversione da Pixel a Millimetri

L’analisi dei movimenti condilari richiede misurazioni precise, ottenute tramite **calibrazione dell’immagine**.

Fattore di scala utilizzato: Distanze condilariCalcolo delle distanze tra i punti Le coordinate dei punti estrapolate da Geogebra dopo calibrazione, per il condilo laterotrusivo, sono: 1L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (58.3, -50.9)} , 2L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (59, -92.3)} , 3L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (46.3, -169.5)} , 4L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44.1, -207.7)} , 5L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (38.4, -136.2)} , 6L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (36.4, -48.2)} , 7L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44, -34.9)} , 8L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (52.9, -48)} . Fattore di scala: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}} . Distanze rispetto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(59 - 58.3)^2 + (-92.3 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 41.41 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 41.41 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 1.734 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 3L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(46.3 - 58.3)^2 + (-169.5 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 119.17 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 119.17 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 4.99 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44.1 - 58.3)^2 + (-207.7 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 157.43 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 157.43 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 6.59 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 5L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(38.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-136.2 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 87.6 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 87.6 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 3.66 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(36.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-48.2 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 22.06 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 22.06 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.923 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44 - 58.3)^2 + (-34.9 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 21.47 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 21.47 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.898 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(52.9 - 58.3)^2 + (-48 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 6.13 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 6.13 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.257 \, \text{mm}} .

- - 1 cm = 10 mm = 239.02 pixel**
  - Scala in mm/pixel:** Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}}

Punti	Coordinate (x, y)	Distanza (pixel)	Distanza (mm)
1L → 2L	(58.3, -50.9) → (59, -92.3)	41.41 px	1.734 mm
1L → 3L	(58.3, -50.9) → (46.3, -169.5)	119.17 px	4.99 mm
1L → 4L	(58.3, -50.9) → (44.1, -207.7)	157.43 px	6.59 mm

Movimenti Condilari: Traslazioni e Rotazioni

Vettore di Posizione del Condilo Laterotrusivo

Il condilo laterotrusivo (lato del movimento) è descritto dal vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_l(t) = [X_l(t), Y_l(t), Z_l(t), \theta_l(t), \phi_l(t), \psi_l(t)] }

Dove:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X_l, Y_l, Z_l} : spostamenti lineari.
Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta_l, \phi_l, \psi_l} : rotazioni sugli assi cartesiani, secondo gli **angoli di Eulero**.

Vettore di Traslazione del Condilo Mediotrusivo

Il condilo mediotrusivo segue una **traslazione antero-mediale**, descritta dal vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_M(t) = \begin{pmatrix} X_M(t) \\ Y_M(t) \\ Z_M(t) \end{pmatrix} }

Conclusioni

L’analisi della cinematica mandibolare a **sei gradi di libertà** permette di ottenere dati affidabili per applicazioni cliniche e protesiche. Nei capitoli successivi approfondiremo questi argomenti non banali.

Riferimenti

↑ Curtis, D.A. & Sorensen, J.A. Errors incurred in programming a fully adjustable articulator with a pantograph. J Prosthet Dent. 1986; 55:427-429.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
↑ Payne, J. Condylar determinants in a patient population: electronic pantograph assessment. J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:157-163.
↑ Bennett, N.G. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible. Proc R Soc Med. 1908; 1:79-98.
↑ Taylor, T.D., Bidra, A.S., Nazarova, E. Clinical significance of immediate mandibular lateral translation: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2016; 115:412-418.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2

[1] Curtis, D.A. ∙ Sorensen, J.A. Errors incurred in programming a fully adjustable articulator with a pantograph J Prosthet Dent. 1986; 55:427-429

[:0-2] Clayton, J.A. ∙ Kotowicz, W.E. ∙ Zahler, J.M. Pantographic tracings of mandibular movements and occlusion J Prosthet Dent. 1971; 75:389-395

[:1-3] Shields, J.M. ∙ Clayton, J.A. ∙ Sindledecker, L.D. Using pantographic tracings to detect TMJ and muscle dysfunctions J Prosthet Dent. 1978; 39:80-87

[4] Payne, J. Condylar determinants in a patient population: electronic pantograph assessment J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:157-163

[5] Bennett, N.G. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible Proc R Soc Med. 1908; 1:79-98

[6] Taylor, T.D. ∙ Bidra, A.S. ∙ Nazarova, E. ... Clinical significance of immediate mandibular lateral translation: A systematic review J Prosthet Dent. 2016; 115:412-418

[:2-7] N A Wickwire, C H Gibbs, A P Jacobson, H C Lundeen. Chewing patterns in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1981 Jan;51(1):48-60.

[8] Curtis, D.A. & Sorensen, J.A. Errors incurred in programming a fully adjustable articulator with a pantograph. J Prosthet Dent. 1986; 55:427-429.

[:0-9] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0

[:1-10] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1

[11] Payne, J. Condylar determinants in a patient population: electronic pantograph assessment. J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:157-163.

[12] Bennett, N.G. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible. Proc R Soc Med. 1908; 1:79-98.

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