Masticationpedia

Difference between revisions of "Asse Cerniera Verticale"

Page Discussion
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'''Passi Successivi'''   
'''Passi Successivi'''   


In questo capitolo, analizzeremo la cinematica dell'asse verticale (<math>_vHA</math>) e il fenomeno masticatorio, rappresentandolo con tracciati estratti da lavori di riferimento come quello di Lund e Gibbs.<ref name=":2" />(Figura 1)
In questo capitolo, analizzeremo la cinematica dell'asse verticale (<math>_vHA</math>) e il fenomeno masticatorio, rappresentandolo con tracciati estratti da lavori di riferimento come quello di Lund e Gibbs.<ref>N A Wickwire, C H Gibbs, A P Jacobson, H C Lundeen. Chewing patterns in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1981 Jan;51(1):48-60.</ref>(Figura 1)


===Misurazioni e Conversione da Pixel a Millimetri===
===Misurazioni e Conversione da Pixel a Millimetri===
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===Conclusioni===
===Conclusioni===
L’analisi della cinematica mandibolare a **sei gradi di libertà** permette di ottenere dati affidabili per applicazioni cliniche e protesiche. Nei capitoli successivi approfondiremo questi argomenti non banali.
L’analisi della cinematica mandibolare a **sei gradi di libertà** permette di ottenere dati affidabili per applicazioni cliniche e protesiche. Nei capitoli successivi approfondiremo questi argomenti non banali.
 
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{{Bib}}

Revision as of 13:11, 2 February 2025



Cinematica Mandibolare: Rotazioni e Traslazioni Condilari

Introduzione

Nel capitolo precedente, Transverse Hinge Axis, abbiamo introdotto la cinematica mandibolare analizzandone i movimenti sul piano sagittale. Durante i movimenti di **protrusione** e **retrusione**, la mandibola non si muove esclusivamente lungo l'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} , ma ruota anche attorno all'asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} . Questo genera una traiettoria curvilinea dell’incisivo mandibolare, risultato di un complesso moto spaziale che combina **rotazione e traslazione condilare**.

Uno degli aspetti chiave di questa dinamica è lo **spazio libero interincisivo**, una regione angolare che permette movimenti masticatori fluidi e senza interferenze. Tuttavia, gli strumenti di analisi come il **Sirognatograph** e i sistemi elettromagnetici convenzionali ad effetto Hall tendono a focalizzarsi sulle traslazioni condilari, trascurando la componente rotazionale. Sebbene ciò possa essere sufficiente in alcuni contesti, non è adeguato a rappresentare fedelmente i movimenti mandibolari a sei gradi di libertà.

Questo capitolo è fondamentale per la comprensione delle anomalie nascoste dietro un apparente semplificazione delle registrazioni cinematiche mandibolari. Ciò è ascrivibile ad una comune convinzione che l'elemento prìncipe del fenomeno masticatorie risieda nell'asse cerniera trasversale quello che tutti i dentisti si ostinano a ricercare attraverso metodi pantografici, assiografi o quant'altro mentre l'anomalia riesiede esclusivamente nella determinazione dell'asse cerniera verticale. Questa anomalia, tuttavia, è difficile da estrapolare se non si conoscono dettagliatamente i parametri geometrici e meccanici che vengono rappresentati, ovviamente, da modelli matematici.

E' essenziale, perciò, prima di passare ai metodi pantografici ed assiografici avere una buona conoscenza di questo fantomatico asse cerniera verticale.

Cinematica Mandibolare a Sei Gradi di Libertà

Il movimento mandibolare si sviluppa in uno **spazio tridimensionale** e può essere descritto attraverso **sei gradi di libertà**, suddivisi in **tre traslazioni** e **tre rotazioni**.

Ogni condilo si muove rispetto ai seguenti **assi principali**:

      • Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y} (latero-mediale):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} , transverse Hinge Axis).
      • Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Z} (verticale):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ).
      • Asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} (antero-posteriore):** definisce la rotazione attorno all’asse cerniera orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).

A ciascun asse corrisponde un **piano di riferimento anatomico**:

  • Piano sagittale: mostra il tracciato condilare prodotto dalla **rototraslazione** sull’asse trasversale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _tHA} ).
  • Piano coronale: associato all’asse orizzontale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _oHA} ).
  • Piano assiale: legato alla rotazione sull’asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ).

Nota: un piano non è generato direttamente da un asse, bensì un asse può essere contenuto in un piano o definirne una direzione. Più precisamente, il movimento di un asse genera una superficie rigata, che rappresenta l’insieme delle traiettorie spaziali risultanti.

Asse Cerniera Verticale e Strumenti di Registrazione

L’**asse cerniera verticale** (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) è particolarmente rilevante per i sistemi di registrazione cinematici, come:

      • Pantografi** (analogici ed elettronici)
      • Elettrongnatografi**
      • Assiografi**

Strumenti di Registrazione e Precisione

  • Il pantografo analogico è stato a lungo considerato un dispositivo preciso per la riproduzione dei tracciati condilari e il loro trasferimento su un articolatore regolabile.[1][2][3]
  • Il pantografo elettronico, introdotto successivamente, ha dimostrato una precisione comparabile nella registrazione dei determinanti condilari.[4]
  • Un parametro controverso nel movimento condilare è la **traslazione laterale immediata mandibolare** (Movimento di Bennett), il cui significato clinico è stato oggetto di dibattito.[5] Studi recenti indicano che non esistono prove sufficienti a confermare la sua rilevanza clinica.[6]

Nota sulla Precisione e Sugli Obiettivi dello Studio

Questo studio mira a fornire una comprensione concettuale dei principi cinematici coinvolti nella dinamica masticatoria, con un focus sulla biomeccanica mandibolare. Sebbene i calcoli siano stati eseguiti con rigore, potrebbero verificarsi discrepanze dovute a:

  • Approssimazioni nei dati numerici: Differenze nei valori cartesiani legate a variabili operative.
  • Limiti di rappresentazione: Uso di numeri approssimati per motivi pratici.
  • Finalità cliniche: Lo scopo è descrivere concetti piuttosto che ottenere precisione assoluta.
Figura 1: Cinematica mandibolare sul piano assiale rappresentata dai markers prelevati dallo strumento ogni 20 mSec. Questi punti rappresentano i condili laterotrusivi dal punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L_c } e mediotrusivi Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle M_c } . Il Laterotrusive point (a sinistra) e il Mediotrusive point (a destra) tracciano la posizione dei condili della mandibola durante un movimento masticatorio laterale, che include movimenti complessi di traslazione e rotazione. I punti numerati (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c } ) seguono il movimento del condilo laterotrusivo nel tempo, mentre i punti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c } ....Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8M_c } seguono il condilo mediotrusivo. Nell'area del Molar point e dell' Incisal point sono rappresentati i percorsi occlusali durante la masticazione.

Passi Successivi

In questo capitolo, analizzeremo la cinematica dell'asse verticale (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle _vHA} ) e il fenomeno masticatorio, rappresentandolo con tracciati estratti da lavori di riferimento come quello di Lund e Gibbs.[7](Figura 1)

Misurazioni e Conversione da Pixel a Millimetri

L’analisi dei movimenti condilari richiede misurazioni precise, ottenute tramite **calibrazione dell’immagine**. Info.pngCalcolo della distanzaCalcolo della Distanza tra i Punti Le coordinate dei punti sono: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Q_2(525.3, -406)} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_2(764.4, -407.1)} . La formula per la distanza euclidea è: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}} . Sostituendo i valori: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(764.4 - 525.3)^2 + (-407.1 - (-406))^2}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(239.1)^2 + (-1.1)^2}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{57121.81 + 1.21} = \sqrt{57123.02} \approx 239.02 \, \text{pixel}} . Conversione della Scala in mm: Dato che Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 239.02 \, \text{pixel}} equivale a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1 \, \text{cm} = 10 \, \text{mm}} , calcoliamo la conversione in mm/pixel: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text{Scala in mm/pixel} = \frac{\text{Lunghezza reale (in mm)}}{\text{Distanza in pixel}} = \frac{10}{239.02} \approx 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}} . Quindi, ogni pixel nella figura corrisponde a circa Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}} . Esempio di Applicazione: Conversione Distanza in mm Se Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 100 \, \text{pixel}} , allora: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d_\text{mm} = 100 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 4.184 \, \text{mm}} .

Fattore di scala utilizzato: Info.pngDistanze condilariCalcolo delle distanze tra i punti Le coordinate dei punti estrapolate da Geogebra dopo calibrazione, per il condilo laterotrusivo, sono: 1L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (58.3, -50.9)} , 2L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (59, -92.3)} , 3L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (46.3, -169.5)} , 4L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44.1, -207.7)} , 5L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (38.4, -136.2)} , 6L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (36.4, -48.2)} , 7L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (44, -34.9)} , 8L: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (52.9, -48)} . Fattore di scala: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}} . Distanze rispetto a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(59 - 58.3)^2 + (-92.3 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 41.41 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 41.41 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 1.734 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(46.3 - 58.3)^2 + (-169.5 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 119.17 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 119.17 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 4.99 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 3L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44.1 - 58.3)^2 + (-207.7 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 157.43 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 157.43 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 6.59 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(38.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-136.2 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 87.6 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 87.6 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 3.66 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 5L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(36.4 - 58.3)^2 + (-48.2 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 22.06 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 22.06 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.923 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(44 - 58.3)^2 + (-34.9 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 21.47 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 21.47 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.898 \, \text{mm}} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_c} : Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = \sqrt{(52.9 - 58.3)^2 + (-48 - (-50.9))^2} \approx 6.13 \, \text{pixel}} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d = 6.13 \cdot 0.04184 \approx 0.257 \, \text{mm}} .Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8L_c}

      • 1 cm = 10 mm = 239.02 pixel**
      • Scala in mm/pixel:** Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.04184 \, \text{mm/pixel}}
Punti Coordinate (x, y) Distanza (pixel) Distanza (mm)
1L → 2L (58.3, -50.9) → (59, -92.3) 41.41 px 1.734 mm
1L → 3L (58.3, -50.9) → (46.3, -169.5) 119.17 px 4.99 mm
1L → 4L (58.3, -50.9) → (44.1, -207.7) 157.43 px 6.59 mm

Movimenti Condilari: Traslazioni e Rotazioni

Vettore di Posizione del Condilo Laterotrusivo

Il condilo laterotrusivo (lato del movimento) è descritto dal vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_l(t) = [X_l(t), Y_l(t), Z_l(t), \theta_l(t), \phi_l(t), \psi_l(t)] }

Dove:

  • Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X_l, Y_l, Z_l} : spostamenti lineari.
  • Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta_l, \phi_l, \psi_l} : rotazioni sugli assi cartesiani, secondo gli **angoli di Eulero**.

Vettore di Traslazione del Condilo Mediotrusivo

Il condilo mediotrusivo segue una **traslazione antero-mediale**, descritta dal vettore:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_M(t) = \begin{pmatrix} X_M(t) \\ Y_M(t) \\ Z_M(t) \end{pmatrix} }

Conclusioni

L’analisi della cinematica mandibolare a **sei gradi di libertà** permette di ottenere dati affidabili per applicazioni cliniche e protesiche. Nei capitoli successivi approfondiremo questi argomenti non banali.

Rappresentazione spazio temporale dei markers

Condilo Laterotrusivo

Questo paragrafo descrive il calcolo delle distanze e degli angoli tra segmenti in un piano 2D, applicati alla cinematica mandibolare. In particolare, si analizzano i movimenti articolari dei condili durante il ciclo masticatorio, rappresentati nella Figura 5 e nella Tabella 1.

Tabella 1
Tracciato masticatorio Markers Distanza (mm) Direzione Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y}
Figura 2: Marker dei punti nel ciclo masticatorio
Figura 5: Markers sovrapposti in Geogebra sul tracciato del condilo laterotrusivo da modello Replicator di Lund e Gibbs. 		2 1.734 Protrusiva Parallela.
3 4.99 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione
4 6.59 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione
5 3.66 Inversione Inversione
6 0.923 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione
7* 0.898 Protrusiva Medializzazione
8 0.257 Protrusiva Medializzazione

Dalla figura e dalla tabella emerge che il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_c} rappresenta l'inversione del moto condilare, con il passaggio verso un percorso mediale diretto alla massima intercuspidazione. La distanza tra il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_c} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_c} , pari a circa Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 0.898 \, \text{mm}} , definisce il movimento di Bennett.

La direzione angolare è stata calcolata come: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = 131.87^\circ} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta' = 42^\circ} .

Per approfondire, il calcolo dettagliato è riportato di seguito:  Info.pngCalcolo dettagliato: distanza tra Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_1 = (58.3, -50.9)} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_7 = (44, -34.9)} , distanza euclidea Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{(-14.3)^2 + (16)^2} \approx 21.47 \, \text{pixel}} , convertita in mm come Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 21.47 \times 0.04184 \approx 0.898 \, \text{mm}} , angolo Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = \arccos(-0.6665) \approx 131.87^\circ} .

Molare Laterotrusivo

Questo paragrafo analizza i movimenti articolari del molare ipsilaterale al condilo laterotrusivo, basandosi sul calcolo delle distanze tra punti e degli angoli tra vettori mediante trigonometria vettoriale (Figura 6 e Tabella 2).

Tabella 2
Tracciato masticatorio Markers Distanza (mm) Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} Direzione dinamica Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y}
Figura 3: Distanze e direzioni del molare ipsilaterale alla laterotrusione
Figura 6: Marker grafici rilevati dal 'Replicator' durante la masticazione sul lato destro 		2 0.39 Indietro Lateralizzazione
3 2.18 Indietro Lateralizzazione
4 3.57 Indietro Lateralizzazione
5 5.68 Indietro Lateralizzazione
6 6.76 Indietro Inversione
7* 3.93 Indietro Medializzazione
8 1.15 Indietro Medializzazione

Osservando la figura e la tabella, si evidenziano le distanze e le direzioni dei punti marcati. In particolare, la distanza tra il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7L_m} e il punto iniziale Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1L_m} è stata calcolata come circa Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 3.93 \,_\text{mm}} , con un angolo tra i vettori pari a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 73^\circ} . Info.pngCalcolo dettagliato: 1. Definizione dei vettori: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AB} = 7L_m - 1L_m = (255.7, -816.0) - (345.2, -844.5) = (-89.5, 28.5)} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AC} = R_p - 1L_m = (346.6, -727.1) - (345.2, -844.5) = (1.4, 117.4)} 2. Magnitudine dei vettori: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{AB}| = \sqrt{(-89.5)^2 + (28.5)^2} \approx 93.93} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{AC}| = \sqrt{(1.4)^2 + (117.4)^2} \approx 117.41} 3. Prodotto scalare: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AB} \cdot \vec{AC} = (-89.5)(1.4) + (28.5)(117.4) = 2928.4} 4. Calcolo dell'angolo: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(\theta) = \frac{\vec{AB} \cdot \vec{AC}}{|\vec{AB}| \cdot |\vec{AC}|} = \frac{2928.4}{93.93 \cdot 117.41} \approx 0.292} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = \arccos(0.292) \approx 73.02^\circ}

Area Incisale

Questo paragrafo analizza i movimenti articolari dell’incisivo sul lato lavorante. Utilizzando le coordinate dei punti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1_I} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7_I} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_p^+} in uno spazio 2D, sono calcolate le distanze lineari e l’angolo tra i segmenti che collegano questi punti.(Figura 7, tabella 3)

Tabella 3
Tracciato masticatorio Markers Distanza (mm) Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} Direzione dinamica Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y}
Figura 3: Distanze tra punti dell'incisivo
Figura 7: Markers grafici rilevati dal 'Replicator' durante la masticazione nell'area incisale sul lato destro. 		2 0.69 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione
3 2.30 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione
4 4.61 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione
5 7.58 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione
6 8.54 Retrusiva Inversione
7* 5.12 Retrusiva Medializzazione
8 1.75 Retrusiva Medializzazione

Per i tracciati dell’area incisale, la distanza tra i punti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1_I} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7_I} è di Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 5.12 \, \text{mm}} , con un angolo calcolato approssimativamente pari a Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 85.1^\circ} .

Per approfondire i calcoli, ecco la spiegazione dettagliata Info.pngCalcolo dettagliato: Coordinate dei punti: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1_I = (631.5, -1151.8)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7_I = (509.6, -1139.9)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R_p^+ = (634.3, -912.8)} . Vettori: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1I7I} = (-121.9, 11.9)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1IR_p^+} = (2.8, 239)} . Norme: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{1I7I}| = \sqrt{(-121.9)^2 + (11.9)^2} \approx 122.49} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{1IR_p^+}| = \sqrt{(2.8)^2 + (239)^2} \approx 238.95} . Prodotto scalare: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1I7I} \cdot \vec{1IR_p^+} = (-121.9)(2.8) + (11.9)(239) \approx 2502.78} . Coseno dell’angolo: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(\theta) = \frac{\vec{1I7I} \cdot \vec{1IR_p^+}}{|\vec{1I7I}| \cdot |\vec{1IR_p^+}|} = \frac{2502.78}{122.49 \cdot 238.95} \approx 0.0855} . Angolo: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = \arccos(0.0855) \approx 85.1^\circ} .

Molare mediotrusivo

L’analisi del moto cinematico mandibolare nel molare mediotrusivo evidenzia un progressivo aumento dell’angolo di direzione rispetto al molare laterotrusivo (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 73^\circ} ) e all’incisivo (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 85^\circ} ), fino al massimo valore rilevato nel condilo (Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 180^\circ} ). Questo angolo, noto come angolo di svincolo mediotrusivo, si forma tra la cuspide centrale e quella distale del primo molare. La Tabella 4 e la figura 8 mostrano le distanze tra i punti del tracciato e il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_m} .

Tabella 4
Tracciato mediotrusivo molare Markers Distanza (mm) Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} Direzione dinamica Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y}
Figura 4: Distanze tra i punti mediotrusivi molari
Figura 8: Markers rilevati dal 'Replicator' durante la masticazione sul lato destro. 		2 0.68 Retrusiva Medializzazione
3 2.19 Retrusiva Medializzazione
4 3.22 Retrusiva Medializzazione
5 5.79 Protrusiva Medializzazione
6 7.22 Protrusiva Inversione
7* 4.81 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione
8 1.18 Retrusiva Lateralizzazione

La distanza lineare tra il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_m} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7M_m} è stata calcolata come Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4.81 \, \text{mm}} , con un angolo approssimativo di Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = 91.33^\circ} . Info.pngCalcolo dettagliato: Vettori: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1M_m7M_m} = (818.8 - 910.7, -855.1 - (-856.2)) = (-91.9, 1.1)} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1M_mR_p^+} = (912 - 910.7, -741.2 - (-856.2)) = (1.3, 115)} . Norme: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{1M_m7M_m}| = \sqrt{(-91.9)^2 + (1.1)^2} \approx 91.92} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{1M_mR_p^+}| = \sqrt{(1.3)^2 + (115)^2} \approx 115.02} . Prodotto scalare: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{1M_m7M_m} \cdot \vec{1M_mR_p^+} = (-91.9 \cdot 1.3) + (1.1 \cdot 115) = -119.47 + 126.5 = 7.03} . Coseno: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(\theta) = \frac{7.03}{91.92 \cdot 115.02} \approx 0.000665} . Angolo: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = \arccos(0.000665) \approx 90^\circ} .

Condilo Mediotrusivo

Il calcolo dell’angolo tra i segmenti Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c - 7M_c} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c - R_p^c} è fondamentale per analizzare i movimenti articolari nel sistema masticatorio. Questa analisi consente di comprendere come si muovono i segmenti articolari rispetto a un punto di riferimento. ( Figura 9, tabella 5)

Tabella 5
Tracciato masticatorio Markers Distanza (mm) Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} Direzione Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Y}
Figura 5. finale.jpg
Figura 9: Markers rilevati dal 'Replicator' durante la masticazione sul lato destro nell'area incisale. 		2 2.13 Protrusiva Medializzazione
3 6.19 Protrusiva Medializzazione
4 10.70 Protrusiva Medializzazione
5 11.09 Protrusiva Inversione
6 6.09 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione
7* 2.61 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione
8 0.50 Protrusiva Lateralizzazione

La distanza tra il punto Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1M_c} e Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 7M_c} è risultata Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6.88 \, \text{mm}} , con un angolo calcolato di Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = 166^\circ} . Sottraendo da Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 180^\circ} , si ottiene un angolo di Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 14^\circ} , noto come Angolo di Bennett. Per il calcolo dettagliato Info.pngCalcolo sintetico: Vettore: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AB} = (-15.9, -60.4)} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AC} = (0.2, 52.5)} . Prodotto scalare: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{AB} \cdot \vec{AC} = -3172.62} . Norme: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{AB}| = 62.93} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |\vec{AC}| = 52.50} . Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(\theta) = \frac{-3172.62}{62.93 \cdot 52.50} \approx -0.971} , Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = \arccos(-0.971) \approx 166^\circ} .

Discussione sulla rototraslazione condilare

Il moto rototraslazionale dei condili è cruciale per comprendere la cinematica mandibolare. Se i condili ruotassero attorno a un punto fisso, i tracciati dei molari e degli incisivi sarebbero semplici archi di cerchio. Tuttavia, i movimenti reali includono sia rotazione che traslazione.[8][9]

Durante la laterotrusione, il condilo ipsilaterale combina rotazione attorno all’asse verticale e traslazione laterale, mentre il condilo mediotrusivo si muove principalmente in direzione mediale e anteriore, generando il "Tragitto orbitante".

Descrizione matematica

La rototraslazione del condilo laterotrusivo può essere rappresentata come:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_m = x_{m0} \cos(\theta) - y_{m0} \sin(\theta) + T_x } Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle y_m = x_{m0} \sin(\theta) + y_{m0} \cos(\theta) }

Dove:

  • Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_{m0}, y_{m0})} : posizione iniziale del molare ipsilaterale.
  • Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T_x} : traslazione laterale lungo l’asse Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} .
  • Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_m, y_m)} : posizione finale.
Figura 10a: Rappresentazione di una conica.

Man mano che il condilo si muove, le coordinate Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_m, y_m)} descrivono una traiettoria ellittica proiettata su un piano 2D. Questo avviene perché il centro di rotazione istantaneo del condilo non è fisso ma si sposta continuamente.

Un fenomeno simile si osserva per il condilo mediotrusivo e gli incisivi, le cui traiettorie sono influenzate da traslazioni mediali e anteriori e da rotazioni attorno all’asse verticale. Questi tracciati non sono ellissi perfette, ma curve più complesse a causa delle variazioni nei movimenti condilari.

I tracciati dentali sono correlati ai movimenti dei condili e offrono preziose informazioni sulla cinematica mandibolare, per cui sarebbe auspicabile spendere qualche parola in più sulla velocità del moto masticatorio e la rappresentazione di questa cinematica mandibolare in un forma geometrico/matematica chiamata 'Conica'.

Rappresentazione in una 'Conica'

Un modello basato su una conica passante per cinque punti strategici aiuta a rappresentare meglio queste traiettorie, come illustrato nella figura 10a.

In sintesi, i tracciati dei molari e degli incisivi assumono forme ellittiche complesse, poiché il centro di rotazione condilare si sposta continuamente. Questo modello aiuta a comprendere meglio la complessità dei movimenti mandibolari.

Bibliography & references
  1. ↑ Curtis, D.A. & Sorensen, J.A. Errors incurred in programming a fully adjustable articulator with a pantograph. J Prosthet Dent. 1986; 55:427-429.
  2. ↑ Clayton, J.A. ∙ Kotowicz, W.E. ∙ Zahler, J.M. Pantographic tracings of mandibular movements and occlusion ''J Prosthet Dent.'' 1971; 75:389-395
  3. ↑ Shields, J.M. ∙ Clayton, J.A. ∙ Sindledecker, L.D. Using pantographic tracings to detect TMJ and muscle dysfunctions ''J Prosthet Dent.'' 1978; 39:80-87
  4. ↑ Payne, J. Condylar determinants in a patient population: electronic pantograph assessment. J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:157-163.
  5. ↑ Bennett, N.G. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible. Proc R Soc Med. 1908; 1:79-98.
  6. ↑ Taylor, T.D., Bidra, A.S., Nazarova, E. Clinical significance of immediate mandibular lateral translation: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2016; 115:412-418.
  7. ↑ N A Wickwire, C H Gibbs, A P Jacobson, H C Lundeen. Chewing patterns in normal children. Angle Orthod. 1981 Jan;51(1):48-60.
  8. ↑ T Ogawa 1, K Koyano, T Suetsugu Correlation between inclination of occlusal plane and masticatory movement.. J Dent. 1998 Mar;26(2):105-12. doi: 10.1016/s0300-5712(97)00001-8.
  9. ↑ W R Scott. Application of "cusp writer" findings to practical and theoretical occlusal problems. Part I.. I Prosthet Dent. 1976 Feb;35(2):211-21. PMID: 55483, DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(76)90282-1
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