Difference between revisions of "Introduction"

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==Abstract==
==Abstract==
[[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|350x350px|left]]The introduction of Masticationpedia offers a deep and complex analysis on themes that span the evolution of science, with a particular focus on medicine and dentistry. It begins by examining the epistemological transformation of science through the lens of Kuhn's paradigms, emphasizing the importance of paradigmatic changes that science, including dentistry, has experienced and continues to experience. The document outlines the stages of paradigmatic change proposed by Kuhn, applying them to the field of dentistry, where it highlights a paradigmatic crisis that calls for an evolution towards new paradigms, especially in masticatory rehabilitation. The discussion extends to epistemology, considering how science acquires knowledge and addresses the issue of the verifiability of scientific theories. A critical emphasis is placed on the use and interpretation of the P value in scientific statistics, highlighting the ongoing debate about its reliability as an indicator.  
[[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|350x350px|left]]The chapter from Masticationpedia introduces a profound critique and subsequent paradigm shift in the scientific approach to dentistry and masticatory disorders. It begins by discussing the traditional methodologies influenced by evidence-based medicine (EBM) and their limitations in addressing the complexities of orofacial pain and malocclusions. The document engages with Thomas Kuhn's philosophy of scientific revolutions, applying it to dentistry's current epistemological challenges. It argues that the field is experiencing a paradigmatic crisis due to the insufficiencies of current diagnostic models and calls for an evolution towards a new, quantum model of diagnosis that considers the independent and incompatible variables involved in complex masticatory disorders.  


The text strongly emphasizes the crucial role of interdisciplinary research, proposing the use of "metacognitive scaffolds" to overcome communicative difficulties between different disciplines. It proposes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to understanding masticatory disorders, particularly malocclusion, which is explored not only from the traditional orthodontic perspective but also through a broader lens that considers the masticatory system as a whole.
The introduction lays the groundwork by explaining the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) as applied to dentistry, particularly in diagnosing and treating temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and other masticatory anomalies. It critiques EBM's dependence on statistically significant data and controlled clinical trials, which often fail to capture the subtleties and complexities of individual patient cases. The text introduces the concept of Masticationpedia, an innovative platform designed to integrate more holistic and quantum-based approaches into dental practice.


Through the examination of a clinical case study, the traditional interpretation of malocclusion is questioned, suggesting that understanding malocclusion requires a view that considers the complexity of the masticatory system and its interaction with the nervous system. The introduction concludes by highlighting the importance of paradigmatic innovations that go beyond incremental improvements, to embrace a change in thinking that profoundly influences masticatory science.
The chapter details a clinical case involving a patient named "Capsaicin," who presents with complex orofacial pain. This section critically examines the limitations of traditional diagnostic tools like axiography and electromyography, which, in Capsaicin's case, failed to diagnose her condition accurately. The narrative demonstrates the need for a new diagnostic approach that goes beyond the conventional paradigms, suggesting that her persistent pain, despite normal findings on traditional tests, indicates a gap in the current understanding and approach.


This approach represents an invitation to overcome the limits of traditional dental conventions, proposing a model of understanding and treatment of masticatory disorders that is truly interdisciplinary, based on principles of open and inclusive science, oriented towards the acceptance of uncertainty, and the holistic evaluation of the patient.<blockquote>
Masticationpedia's proposed solution involves a shift towards a quantum model of diagnosis, which incorporates the evaluation of incompatible variables—those not typically considered in traditional diagnostic processes. The document describes the development and application of new diagnostic tools and methodologies, such as the Coherence Demarcator, which assesses the coherence of various clinical signs and symptoms within and across different diagnostic contexts. This tool aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of complex cases by integrating diverse data points that do not usually conform to classical diagnostic categories.
== Keywords ==
'''Masticationpedia''' - The main subject of the document.


'''Kuhn's Paradigms''' - Central theoretical framework discussed.
This section delves deeper into the theoretical implications of adopting a quantum model in dental diagnostics. It discusses how this approach aligns with Kuhn's description of scientific progress through paradigm shifts, where a period of 'normal science' is disrupted by anomalies that current paradigms cannot explain, leading to a scientific revolution. Masticationpedia is positioned as a catalyst for such a revolution in dentistry, challenging the entrenched norms and advocating for a more comprehensive and patient-centric approach.


'''Paradigmatic Change in Dentistry''' - Specific application of Kuhn's theories.
The chapter concludes by reflecting on the broader implications of integrating quantum models into clinical practice. It discusses the potential for these models to enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve patient outcomes by addressing the limitations of current EBM approaches. The text calls for ongoing research and collaboration across disciplines to further develop and refine these models, ensuring that they are robust, scientifically valid, and clinically applicable.<blockquote>
==Keywords==
'''Masticationpedia''' - The main subject of the document.


'''Epistemological Transformation in Science''' - Key theme.
'''Quantum Model of Diagnosis''' - A new approach discussed in the chapter.


'''Interdisciplinary Research in Dentistry''' - Significant topic mentioned.
'''Orofacial Pain and Malocclusions''' - Specific conditions addressed.


'''Malocclusion and Masticatory Disorders''' - Specific conditions discussed.
'''Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)''' - Critiqued methodology.


'''Scientific Progress and Innovations in Dentistry''' - Focus on advancements.
'''Kuhn's Scientific Revolutions''' - Theoretical framework applied to dentistry.


'''Statistical Significance and P-value''' - Important statistical concepts debated in the document.
'''Coherence Demarcator''' - Innovative diagnostic tool introduced.


'''Complex Systems in Masticatory Functions''' - Advanced theoretical approach.
'''Paradigmatic Shift in Dentistry''' - Central theme of the chapter.</blockquote>{{ArtBy|author=Gianni Frisardi}}


'''Orthodontic and Orthognathic Treatments''' - Specific treatments mentioned.
[[Category:Dentistry]]
[[Category:Medical Innovations]]
[[Category:Scientific Paradigms]]


'''Neuromuscular Function in Dentistry''' - A focus on functional aspects.
----
== Keywords==
'''Masticationpedia''' - The main subject of the document, '''Kuhn's Paradigms''' - Central theoretical framework discussed, '''Paradigmatic Change in Dentistry''' - Specific application of Kuhn's theories, '''Epistemological Transformation in Science''' - Key theme, '''Interdisciplinary Research in Dentistry''' - Significant topic mentioned, '''Malocclusion and Masticatory Disorders''' - Specific conditions discussed, '''Scientific Progress and Innovations in Dentistry''' - Focus on advancements, '''Statistical Significance and P-value''' - Important statistical concepts debated in the document, '''Complex Systems in Masticatory Functions''' - Advanced theoretical approach, '''Orthodontic and Orthognathic Treatments''' - Specific treatments mentioned, '''Neuromuscular Function in Dentistry''' - A focus on functional aspects, '''Paradigmatic Innovations''' - Mentioned as crucial for scientific development


'''Paradigmatic Innovations''' - Mentioned as crucial for scientific development.</blockquote>{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
==Ab ovo<ref>Latin for 'since the very beginning'</ref>==
==Ab ovo<ref>Latin for 'since the very beginning'</ref>==


Before diving into the analysis of Masticationpedia, it is necessary to introduce some preliminary considerations. These concern, in particular, two fundamental dimensions - social, scientific, and clinical - that are characteristic of both the current era and the one immediately preceding it.
Before diving into the analysis of Masticationpedia, it is necessary to introduce some preliminary considerations. These concern, in particular, two fundamental dimensions - social, scientific, and clinical - that are characteristic of both the current era and the one immediately preceding it.


=== The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn ===
===The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn===
In the course of the last century, there has been an exponential increase in technological and methodological "Innovations",<ref>{{cita libro  
In the course of the last century, there has been an exponential increase in technological and methodological "Innovations",<ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore = Heft MW
  | autore = Heft MW
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| align="right" width="250" |<small>''The black swan symbolizes one of the historical problems of epistemology: if all the swans we have seen so far are white, can we decide that all the swans are white?<br>Really?''</small>
| align="right" width="250" |<small>''The black swan symbolizes one of the historical problems of epistemology: if all the swans we have seen so far are white, can we decide that all the swans are white?<br>Really?''</small>
| align="center" |[[File:Black_Swan_(Cygnus_atratus)_RWD.jpg|175px|center]]
| align="center" | [[File:Black_Swan_(Cygnus_atratus)_RWD.jpg|175px|center]]
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|&nbsp;
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*'''''<math>P-value</math>''''':  In medicine, for example, to confirm an experiment or validate a series of data collected through laboratory instruments or surveys, reliance is placed on "Statistical Inference," and in particular on a well-known value called "significance test" (P-value). However, even this concept, now rooted in the practice of researchers, is being questioned. A recent study has focused attention on a campaign conducted in the journal "Nature" against the use of the "significance test."<ref>{{cita libro  
*'''''<math>P-value</math>''''':  In medicine, for example, to confirm an experiment or validate a series of data collected through laboratory instruments or surveys, reliance is placed on "Statistical Inference," and in particular on a well-known value called "significance test" (P-value). However, even this concept, now rooted in the practice of researchers, is being questioned. A recent study has focused attention on a campaign conducted in the journal "Nature" against the use of the "significance test."<ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore = Amrhein V
  | autore = Amrhein V
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  | DOI = 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.04.001
  | DOI = 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.04.001
  | OCLC =  
  | OCLC =  
  }} Oct;129:25-39.</ref>
  }} Oct;129:25-39.</ref>
|}
|}


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Before proceeding, it might be appropriate to observe a very concrete and significant case.
Before proceeding, it might be appropriate to observe a very concrete and significant case.


== Malocclusion==
==Malocclusion==


"Malocclusion" derives from the Latin "malum," meaning "bad" or "wrong," and literally refers to an improper closure of the teeth.<ref>The creation of the term is generally attributed to [[:wpen:Edward Angle|Edward Angle]], considered the father of modern orthodontics, who coined it as a specification of ''occlusion'' to signal the incorrect opposition in closing of the lower teeth and upper, especially the first molar; see {{cita libro  
"Malocclusion" derives from the Latin "malum," meaning "bad" or "wrong," and literally refers to an improper closure of the teeth.<ref>The creation of the term is generally attributed to [[:wpen:Edward Angle|Edward Angle]], considered the father of modern orthodontics, who coined it as a specification of ''occlusion'' to signal the incorrect opposition in closing of the lower teeth and upper, especially the first molar; see {{cita libro  
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