|
|
| Line 164: |
Line 164: |
| {{qnq|But it’s not all so obvious...}} | | {{qnq|But it’s not all so obvious...}} |
|
| |
|
| ...because the very concept of epistemology meets continuous implementations, like in medicine:
| | because the very concept of epistemology meets continuous implementations, like in medicine………. |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| *'''''<math>P-value</math>''''': In medicine, for example, to confirm an experiment or validate a series of data collected through laboratory instruments or surveys, reliance is placed on "Statistical Inference," and in particular on a well-known value called "significance test" (P-value). However, even this concept, now rooted in the practice of researchers, is being questioned. A recent study has focused attention on a campaign conducted in the journal "Nature" against the use of the "significance test."<ref>{{cita libro
| |
| | autore = Amrhein V
| |
| | autore2 = Greenland S
| |
| | autore3 = McShane B
| |
| | titolo = Scientists rise up against statistical significance
| |
| | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30894741
| |
| | volume =
| |
| | opera = Nature
| |
| | anno = 2019
| |
| | editore =
| |
| | città =
| |
| | ISBN =
| |
| | LCCN =
| |
| | DOI = 10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9
| |
| | OCLC =
| |
| }} Mar;567(7748):305-307.</ref> With over 800 signatories, including eminent scientists, this campaign can be seen as an important turning point and a "Silent Revolution" in the field of statistics, touching logical and epistemological aspects.<ref>{{cita libro
| |
| | autore = Rodgers JL
| |
| | titolo = The epistemology of mathematical and statistical modeling: a quiet methodological revolution
| |
| | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20063905
| |
| | volume =
| |
| | opera = Am Psychol
| |
| | anno = 2010
| |
| | editore =
| |
| | città =
| |
| | ISBN =
| |
| | LCCN =
| |
| | DOI = 10.1037/a0018326
| |
| | OCLC =
| |
| }} Jan;65(1):1-12.</ref><ref>{{cita libro
| |
| | autore = Meehl P
| |
| | titolo = The problem is epistemology, not statistics: replace significance tests by confidence intervals and quantify accuracy of risky numerical predictions
| |
| | url =
| |
| | volume =
| |
| | opera =
| |
| | anno = 1997
| |
| | editore =
| |
| | città =
| |
| | ISBN =
| |
| | LCCN =
| |
| | DOI =
| |
| | OCLC =
| |
| }}, in eds Harlow L. L., Mulaik S. A., Steiger J. H., ''What If There Were No Significance Tests?'' - editors. (Mahwah: Erlbaum, 393–425. [Google Scholar]</ref><ref>{{cita libro
| |
| | autore = Sprenger J
| |
| | autore2 = Hartmann S
| |
| | titolo = Bayesian Philosophy of Science. Variations on a Theme by the Reverend Thomas Bayes
| |
| | url =
| |
| | volume =
| |
| | opera =
| |
| | anno = 2019
| |
| | editore = Oxford University Press
| |
| | città = Oxford
| |
| | ISBN =
| |
| | LCCN =
| |
| | DOI =
| |
| | OCLC =
| |
| }}</ref> The critique is aimed at overly simplified statistical analyses, still present in numerous publications. This has stimulated a debate, sponsored by the American Statistical Association, which led to the creation of a special issue of "The American Statistician Association" titled "Statistical Inference in the 21st Century: A World Beyond p < 0.05", containing 43 articles........................
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| *'''Interdisciplinarity''': <br>In the field of science policy, it is universally recognized that solving science-based problems requires an interdisciplinary research approach (IDR), as highlighted by the European Union's Horizon 2020 project.<ref>European Union, ''[https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/societal-challenges Horizon 2020]''</ref> Recent studies have explored the reasons for the cognitive and epistemic difficulties that researchers encounter in conducting IDR. One identified cause is the decline of philosophical interest towards the epistemology of IDR, attributed to the dominant "Physical Paradigm of Science." This paradigm limits the recognition of significant developments in IDR, both in the context of the philosophy of science and in the practice of research itself. In response, an alternative philosophical paradigm has been proposed, called the "Engineering Paradigm of Science,"................................
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Anomaly ''vs.'' Interdisciplinarity== | | ==Anomaly ''vs.'' Interdisciplinarity== |
| Line 285: |
Line 221: |
| }} 72(5 cz 1):918-922. | | }} 72(5 cz 1):918-922. |
| </ref> | | </ref> |
|
| |
| {{q2|Diagnosis, treatment strategies, and prevention of anomalies and dento-facial deformities should be approached by considering the organism as a whole, especially in children, where the physical structure is still in the formative stage. It is essential to recognize the interconnectedness between the form and function of various organs and systems of the body, as these relationships are crucial for devising an effective treatment plan that respects and promotes the harmonious development of the patient.}}
| |
|
| |
|
| Another noteworthy piece of data emerged when, also in 2019, PubMed was specifically queried for interdisciplinary approaches in diagnosing malocclusions: the results drastically decreased to only four articles.<ref>Pubmed, ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=interdisciplinary+diagnostics+of+malocclusions interdisciplinary diagnostics of malocclusions]''</ref> | | Another noteworthy piece of data emerged when, also in 2019, PubMed was specifically queried for interdisciplinary approaches in diagnosing malocclusions: the results drastically decreased to only four articles.<ref>Pubmed, ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=interdisciplinary+diagnostics+of+malocclusions interdisciplinary diagnostics of malocclusions]''</ref> |