Difference between revisions of "Introduction"

no edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:


==Abstract ==
==Abstract ==
[[File:The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn.jpg|left|242x242px]]
[[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|350x350px|left]]The introduction of Masticationpedia offers a deep and complex analysis on themes that span the evolution of science, with a particular focus on medicine and dentistry. It begins by examining the epistemological transformation of science through the lens of Kuhn's paradigms, emphasizing the importance of paradigmatic changes that science, including dentistry, has experienced and continues to experience. The document outlines the stages of paradigmatic change proposed by Kuhn, applying them to the field of dentistry, where it highlights a paradigmatic crisis that calls for an evolution towards new paradigms, especially in masticatory rehabilitation. The discussion extends to epistemology, considering how science acquires knowledge and addresses the issue of the verifiability of scientific theories. A critical emphasis is placed on the use and interpretation of the P value in scientific statistics, highlighting the ongoing debate about its reliability as an indicator.  
The text discusses various topics regarding the epistemological evolution of science in general, particularly focusing on medicine and dentistry. The author previews the themes to be addressed in Masticationpedia, emphasizing concepts such as "Statistical Inference" and "Interdisciplinarity" according to Kuhn's paradigms. It is underscored that scientific discipline goes through cyclical phases, according to Kuhn, with moments of paradigm shift. In the context of dentistry, for instance, attention will be given to the "Paradigm Crisis" and "Scientific Revolution," aiming to introduce new paradigms in the field of masticatory rehabilitation. The text also delves into epistemology, examining the conditions for acquiring scientific knowledge and the methods to achieve it. Issues such as the verifiability of theories and the importance of statistics in the scientific realm are addressed, highlighting how concepts like P-value have been subject to debate and revision.  


Furthermore, the importance of interdisciplinary research is highlighted, emphasizing the need for 'metacognitive scaffolds' to facilitate communication and understanding across different disciplines.
The text strongly emphasizes the crucial role of interdisciplinary research, proposing the use of "metacognitive scaffolds" to overcome communicative difficulties between different disciplines. It proposes a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to understanding masticatory disorders, particularly malocclusion, which is explored not only from the traditional orthodontic perspective but also through a broader lens that considers the masticatory system as a whole.


In summary, the text anticipates a thorough discussion on fundamental scientific and philosophical concepts, with the goal of introducing new approaches and paradigms in the fields of medicine and dentistry. The text discusses the complex concept of 'Malocclusion', examining it from both a traditional orthodontic perspective and a more holistic, interdisciplinary viewpoint. Here's a summary of the key points:[[File:Occlusal Centric view in open and cross bite patient.jpg|200x200px|right]]'''Introduction to Malocclusion:''' Malocclusion is introduced as a term indicating incorrect teeth alignment, often attributed to Edward Angle, considered the father of modern orthodontics.
Through the examination of a clinical case study, the traditional interpretation of malocclusion is questioned, suggesting that understanding malocclusion requires a view that considers the complexity of the masticatory system and its interaction with the nervous system. The introduction concludes by highlighting the importance of paradigmatic innovations that go beyond incremental improvements, to embrace a change in thinking that profoundly influences masticatory science.


'''Debate on Malocclusion:''' It is highlighted that the term "malocclusion" is subject to debate, as evidenced by the significant amount of articles discussing it on PubMed and the interdisciplinary approach proposed by some researchers.
This approach represents an invitation to overcome the limits of traditional dental conventions, proposing a model of understanding and treatment of masticatory disorders that is truly interdisciplinary, based on principles of open and inclusive science, oriented towards the acceptance of uncertainty, and the holistic evaluation of the patient.
 
'''Case Study:''' A clinical case of malocclusion is presented, illustrating the discrepancy between traditional orthodontic diagnosis and the patient's functional and health experiences.
[[File:Bilateral Electric Transcranial Stimulation.jpg|right|200x200px]]
'''Interpretation and Conclusions:''' The text challenges the deterministic interpretation of malocclusion, advocating for a more
 
nuanced understanding that takes into account the complexity of the masticatory system and its interaction with the central trigeminal nervous system. The term "Occlusal dysmorphism" is proposed as a more appropriate alternative to "Malocclusion."
 
'''Paradigmatic Innovation:''' The discussion connects to the broader theme of paradigmatic innovation in science, emphasizing the need to adopt interdisciplinary approaches to challenge traditional viewpoints and advance understanding.
 
Overall, the text emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic perspective and embracing interdisciplinary collaboration to effectively address complex phenomena such as malocclusion.
----{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
----{{ArtBy|autore=Gianni Frisardi}}
==Ab ovo<ref>Latin for 'since the very beginning'</ref>==
==Ab ovo<ref>Latin for 'since the very beginning'</ref>==


Before getting to the heart of the Masticationpedia treatment, a premise is appropriate, that mainly concerns two aspects of the social, scientific and clinical reality of the current and the immediately preceding era.
Before diving into the analysis of Masticationpedia, it is necessary to introduce some preliminary considerations. These concern, in particular, two fundamental dimensions - social, scientific, and clinical - that are characteristic of both the current era and the one immediately preceding it.


In the last century, we witnessed exponential growth in technological and methodological "Innovations" specifically in dentistry<ref>{{cita libro  
=== The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn ===
In the course of the last century, there has been an exponential increase in technological and methodological "Innovations",<ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore = Heft MW
  | autore = Heft MW
  | autore2 = Fox CH
  | autore2 = Fox CH
Line 42: Line 32:
  | DOI = 10.1177/2380084419879391
  | DOI = 10.1177/2380084419879391
  | OCLC =  
  | OCLC =  
  }} Oct 7:2380084419879391</ref>; these innovations have in some way influenced decision-making strategies, opinions, schools of thought and axioms in order to improve quality of life, as stated in the "''Exposure Science in the 21st Century''"<ref>{{cita libro  
  }} Oct 7:2380084419879391</ref> especially in the field of dentistry. These advancements have significantly influenced decision-making strategies, opinions, schools of thought, and axioms, aiming explicitly at improving the quality of life, as highlighted in the "Science of Exposure in the 21st Century".<ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore =  
  | autore =  
  | autore2 =  
  | autore2 =  
Line 61: Line 51:
  | DOI =  
  | DOI =  
  | OCLC =  
  | OCLC =  
  }}</ref>. However, this exponential growth brings with it, implicitly, conceptual gray areas (in practical terms "side effects") which are sometimes underestimated, but which may call into question some Scientific Certainties or make them less absolute and more probabilistic.<ref>{{cita libro  
  }}</ref> However, this exponential growth implicitly hides conceptual ambiguities - or, in practical terms, "side effects" - which, although sometimes underestimated, have the power to challenge some scientific certainties, making them less rigid and more subject to probability.<ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore = Liu L
  | autore = Liu L
  | autore2 = Li Y
  | autore2 = Li Y
Line 75: Line 65:
  | DOI = 10.1358/dot.2014.50.1.2076506
  | DOI = 10.1358/dot.2014.50.1.2076506
  | OCLC =  
  | OCLC =  
  }} Jan;50(1):33-50</ref>
  }} Jan;50(1):33-50</ref> The sensitive aspects of the current social, scientific, and clinical reality, which may seem contrasting, will be revealed to be complementary by the end of this reading; this is the "Progress of science" according to Kuhn's interpretation and "Epistemology".
[[File:The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn.jpg|right|thumb|The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn]]
The two sensitive aspects of the current social, scientific and clinical reality (which seem to conflict with each other, but as we will see at the end of this reading will be complementary) are the "'''Progress of Science'''" according to Kuhn and the "'''Epistemology'''".
 
==Progress of Science according to Thomas Kuhn==


'''Thomas Kuhn'''<ref>Thomas Samuel Kuhn (Cincinnati, 18 luglio 1922 – Cambridge, 17 giugno 1996) was an American philosopher of science.<br>See Treccani, ''[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/thomas-samuel-kuhn/ Kuhn, Thomas Samuel]''. Or Wikipedia, ''[[:wpen:Thomas Kuhn|Thomas Kuhn]]''.
In analyzing the progress of science, Thomas Kuhn, in his most famous work, argues that science develops through distinct cycles, reflecting its operational dynamics.<ref>Thomas Samuel Kuhn (Cincinnati, 18 luglio 1922 – Cambridge, 17 giugno 1996) was an American philosopher of science.<br>See Treccani, ''[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/thomas-samuel-kuhn/ Kuhn, Thomas Samuel]''. Or Wikipedia, ''[[:wpen:Thomas Kuhn|Thomas Kuhn]]''.
</ref> in his most famous work states<ref>{{cita libro  
</ref><ref>{{cita libro  
  | autore = Kuhn Thomas S
  | autore = Kuhn Thomas S
  | titolo = The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
  | titolo = The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Line 95: Line 81:
  | DOI =  
  | DOI =  
  | OCLC =  
  | OCLC =  
  }}</ref> that ''science cyclically passes through some phases indicative of its operation''. According to Kuhn, ''science is paradigmatic'', and the demarcation between science and pseudoscience can be traced back to the existence of a '''paradigm'''. The evolution of scientific progress is assimilated to ''a continuous curve which undergoes discontinuity in paradigm changes''.   
  }}</ref> Kuhn advances the idea that science is structured around paradigms and establishes a clear demarcation between science and pseudoscience, based on the presence of a shared paradigm. For him, the evolution of scientific progress is seen as a continuous curve, yet interrupted by discontinuities represented by paradigm shifts.
 
Taking on the role of a skilled problem solver, the scientist is engaged in resolving these anomalies. These moments of discontinuity, or scientific revolutions, occur when the existing paradigm can no longer adequately interpret new anomalies, thereby pushing the scientific community towards the exploration and eventual adoption of new paradigms that better align with emerging observations.
 
==== '''Kuhn's phases in Dentistry''' ====
Thomas Kuhn identifies in the evolution of a scientific paradigm five distinct phases, a process that holds crucial importance for Masticationpedia. To stay in line with the project's objectives, we will focus on the description of the three most significant phases, as outlined in the book's index.[[File:The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn.jpg|right|thumb|The phases of paradigm change according to Thomas Kuhn]]
 
'''Thomas Kuhn''' in his most famous work states that ''science cyclically passes through some phases indicative of its operation''. According to Kuhn, ''science is paradigmatic'', and the demarcation between science and pseudoscience can be traced back to the existence of a '''paradigm'''. The evolution of scientific progress is assimilated to ''a continuous curve which undergoes discontinuity in paradigm changes''.   


===Kuhn's phases in Dentistry ===
===Kuhn's phases in Dentistry ===
Line 104: Line 97:
|
|
|
|
*<u>'''''Phase 2'''''</u>, or the Normal Science<br>For example, in phase 2 of the Kuhn Paradigms, called '''Normal Science''', scientists are seen as problem solvers, who work to improve the agreement between the paradigm and nature. This phase, in fact, is based on a set of basic principles dictated by the paradigm, which are not questioned but which, indeed, are entrusted with the task of indicating the coordinates of the works to come. In this phase, the measuring instruments with which the experiments are made are developed, most of the scientific articles are produced and its results constitute significant growth in scientific knowledge. In the normal science phase both successes and failures will be achieved; the failures are called by Kuhn ''anomalies'', or ''events that go against the paradigm''.
*<u>'''''Phase 2'''''</u>, or the Normal Science<br>For instance, in the second phase of Kuhn's paradigms, called "Normal Science," scientists are considered problem solvers engaged in strengthening the correspondence between the paradigm and natural reality. This phase is based on a set of fundamental principles established by the paradigm itself, which are not subject to dispute but are instead used to define the guidelines for future research projects. During this phase, the development of the necessary measurement tools to conduct experiments takes place, and the majority of the scientific literature is produced. The results obtained in this phase contribute significantly to the advancement of scientific knowledge. In normal science, both successes and failures occur; the latter are identified by Kuhn as "anomalies," i.e., events that contradict the prevailing paradigm.
|-
|-
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
Editor, Editors, USER, admin, Bureaucrats, Check users, dev, editor, founder, Interface administrators, member, oversight, Suppressors, Administrators, translator
11,119

edits