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Difference between revisions of "Influence of the Text Neck Posture on the Static Dental Occlusion"
Influence of the Text Neck Posture on the Static Dental Occlusion (view source)
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{{FR | {{FR | ||
| Title = | | Title = | ||
| author1 = Eniko Tunde Stoica | | author1 = Eniko Tunde Stoica^1 | ||
| author2 = Corina Marcauteanu | | author2 = Corina Marcauteanu | ||
| author3 = Anca Tudor | | author3 = Anca Tudor | ||
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{{Bookind2}} | {{Bookind2}}TADERP Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 9 Revolutiei 1989 Ave., 300070 Timisoara, Romania; moc.oohay@najmedokine | ||
2School of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2A Eftimie Murgu Place, 300070 Timisoara, Romania; or.tfmu@roduta (A.T.); moc.oohay@uiturgen_adem (M.L.N.); moc.liamg@ucsenisonim (C.S.) | |||
3Research Center in Dental Medicine Using Conventional and Alternative Technologies, School of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 9 Revolutiei 1989 Ave., 300070 Timisoara, Romania; or.tfmu@anele.iacirama | |||
43OM Optomechatronics Group, Faculty of Engineering, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 2 Elena Dragoi Str., 310177 Arad, Romania | |||
5Doctoral School, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Ave., 300222 Timisoara, Romania | |||
6Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Research Center for Assessment of Human Motion, Functionality and Disability, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2A Eftimie Murgu Place, 300070 Timisoara, Romania; or.tfmu@anaxor.ierfono (R.O.); or.tfmu@87uicusanao (O.S.) | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Correspondence: moc.oohay@iroc_acram (C.M.); gro.rebmemaso@ligriv.amud (V.-F.D.); Tel.: +40-741-182-478 (C.M.); +40-751-511-451 (V.-F.D.) | |||
=== Abstract === | |||
''Background and Objectives:'' The excessive use of smartphones for various tasks led to a new adverse postural phenomenon called text neck. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the text neck posture (TNP) on static occlusion by using the T-Scan III occlusal diagnostic system. ''Materials and Methods'': Nineteen subjects (aged 20 to 24 years) were considered for this research. They had normal values for anterior overbite and overjet, Angle Class I occlusion, no posterior crossbite, and no signs or symptoms of cervical or temporo-mandibular disorders. Occlusal registrations were performed with the T-Scan III system in a normal, neutral head posture (NHP), as well as in the TNP. The investigated parameters were: occlusion time (OT), asymmetry index of the occlusal force (AOF), percent of the maximum movie force (%MMF), and the time elapsed from the last occlusal contact until the maximum intercuspation (MAT-OTB). The last three parameters were analyzed in the maximum area frame (MA) of the registrations. For the statistical analysis of the recorded data, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test and the Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used. ''Results:'' The following values were obtained in NHP and in TNP: for AOF, 14.88 ± 10.39% and 18.04 ± 12.83%, respectively; for OT, 1.34 ± 1.84 s and 1.32 ± 1.8 s, respectively; for the %MMF, 97.5 ± 2.83% and 96.31 ± 3.17%, respectively; for MAT-OTB, 2.08 ± 1.82 s and 1.45 ± 2.3 s, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the static occlusal parameters measured in NHP and those in TNP. However, the high values of the AOF and OT in NHP revealed an imbalance of the occlusal force distribution between the right and left side in maximum intercuspation (MI), as well as a lack of simultaneity of static occlusal contacts. Furthermore, there was a significant, direct, and strong correlation between OT and AOF in NHP. ''Conclusions:'' The NHP should not be used as the starting position in TNP simulations in T-Scan studies, so as to avoid statistically insignificant differences between static occlusion in NHP and TNP. The healthy standing subjects, with normal occlusal relationships from the clinical point of view, revealed an occlusal instability in NHP when examined with the T-Scan. | |||
'''Keywords:''' text neck posture (TNP), static occlusion, maximum intercuspation (MI), T-Scan III system, occlusion time (OT), asymmetry index of the occlusal force (AOF) | |||
=== Introduction === | |||
The term ''text neck'' was proposed by a chiropractor, Dr. Dean L. Fishman,<ref>Neupane S., Ali U.I., Mathew A. Text neck syndrome-systematic review. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res. 2017;3:141–148. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]</ref> and it is used to define both a bad postural position and a syndrome associated with the prolonged and inappropriate use of handheld mobile devices, including smartphones.<ref name=":0">Fiebert I., Kistner F., Gissendanner C., DaSilva C. Text neck: An adverse postural phenomenon. Work. 2021;69:1261–1270. doi: 10.3233/WOR-213547. </ref><ref name=":1">Cuéllar J.M., Lanman T.H. “Text neck”: An epidemic of the modern era of cell phones? Spine J. 2017;17:901–902. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.03.009.</ref><ref name=":2">Moreno M.A., Hoopes A.J. Technology and Adolescent Health: In Schools and Beyond.Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2020. The impact of digital media; p. 367.</ref> This adverse postural phenomenon can be described as a sustained flexed neck position, with the head tilted forward. It is associated with forward-rolled shoulders, which increase the curve of the thoracic spine. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Compared to the neutral posture, the higher neck flexion angle requires an increased activity of the neck muscles in order to compensate for the effect of gravity.<ref>Ailneni R.C., Syamala K.R., Kim I.S., Hwang J. Influence of the wearable posture correction sensor on head and neck posture: Sitting and standing workstations. Work. 2019;62:27–35. doi: 10.3233/WOR-182839</ref> These biomechanical changes in the cervical and thoracic spine, as well as muscular imbalances and postural compensations, finally lead to cervical muscle fatigue and pain. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> | |||
The scientific literature demonstrates that any change in the head and neck posture induces a change in the rest position of the mandible,<ref>Darling D.W., Kraus S., Glasheen-Wray M.B. Relationship of head posture and the rest position of the mandible. J. Prosthet. Dentistry. 1984;52:111–115. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(84)90192-6</ref> in the activity of the masticatory muscles,<ref>Boyd C.H., Slagle W.F., Boyd C.M., Bryant R.W., Wiygul J.P. The effect of head position on electromyographic evaluations of representative mandibular positioning muscle groups. CRANIO® 1987;5:50–54. doi: 10.1080/08869634.1987.11678174.</ref> and in the habitual path of mouth closing.<ref>Goldstein D.F., Kraus S.L., Willams W.B., Glasheen-Wray M. Influence of cervical posture on mandibular movement. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1984;52:421–426. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(84)90460-8.</ref> In an interesting study, Yamada et al. (1999) found that as the head bended forward (i.e., in ventroflexion), the closing path approached the ''maximum intercuspation position'' (MIP) from the anterior region.<ref>Yamada R., Ogawa T., Koyano K. The effect of head posture on direction and stability of mandibular closing movement. J. Oral Rehabil. 1999;26:511–520. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.1999.00386.x. </ref> The forward bending of the head also decreased the stability of the closing path. On the other hand, as the head was bent backward, the closing path approached the MIP from the posterior region and its stability increased. | |||
A widely debated topic in the literature is whether or not changes in head and neck posture have a significant influence on dental occlusion. However, the effect of ''text neck posture'' (TNP) on occlusion has been overlooked in the dental literature. Chapman et al. (1991) used the T-Scan system to record and analyze the occlusal contacts that occur in ''maximum intercuspation'' (MI) in three different head positions: supine, sitting erect, and sitting with the head tipped forward.<ref>Chapman R.J., Maness W.L., Osorio J. Occlusal contact variation with changes in head position. Int. J. Prosthodont. 1991;4:377–381.</ref> They proved that the mandible is pushed forward during closure when the head is tipped forward, resulting in more anterior initial contacts. However, the total number of occlusal contacts in MI was not significantly modified by the postural change. This means that the main effect of a changed head position was on the initial tooth contacts, which guide the mandible back into MI from eccentric positions. The authors speculated that the location of the first occlusal contacts in the anterior region of the dental arches during closure (i.e., when the head is tipped forward) could produce occlusal overload of the individual teeth. Therefore, they are expected to alter the activity of the elevator muscles. | |||