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As an introduction to the section of chapters concerning 'Occlusion and Posture' we can partially report a concise introduction by Monika Nowak et al.<ref>Monika Nowak,,Joanna Golec, Aneta Wieczorek, and Piotr Golec. Is There a Correlation between Dental Occlusion, Postural Stability and Selected Gait Parameters in Adults? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan; 20(2): 1652. Published online 2023 Jan 16. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20021652. PMCID: PMC9862361. PMID: 36674407 | As an introduction to the section of chapters concerning 'Occlusion and Posture' we can partially report a concise introduction by Monika Nowak et al.<ref>Monika Nowak,,Joanna Golec, Aneta Wieczorek, and Piotr Golec. Is There a Correlation between Dental Occlusion, Postural Stability and Selected Gait Parameters in Adults? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan; 20(2): 1652. Published online 2023 Jan 16. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20021652. PMCID: PMC9862361. PMID: 36674407 | ||
</ref> on which we will make the first conceptual reflections reported by our pensive Linus. | </ref> on which we will make the first conceptual reflections reported by our pensive Linus. | ||
Posture is understood as the position of the human body and its orientation in space which requires the analysis and integration of stimuli from three systems: vision, vestibular and proprioception.<ref>Guez G. The Posture. In: Kandel E., Schwartz J., editors. Principles of Neural Science. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 1991. pp. 612–623.</ref><ref>Czaprowski D., Stoliński L., Tyrakowski M., Kozinoga M., Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2018;13:6. doi: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5.</ref> Over the years, numerous observations have been made on the factors influencing postural stability. <ref>Iwanenko J., Gurfinkel V. Human postural control. Front. Neurosci. 2018;12:17. </ref><ref>Guerraz M., Bronstein A.M. Ocular versus extraocular control of posture and equilibrium. Neurophysiol. Clin. 2008;38:391–398. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.007.</ref><ref>Hamaoui A., Frianta Y., Le Bozec S. Does increased muscular tension along the torso impair postural equilibrium in a standing posture? Gait Posture. 2011;34:457–461. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.06.017.</ref><ref>Kolar P., Sulc J., Kyncl M., Sanda J., Neuwirth J., Bokarius A.V., Kriz J., Kobesova A. Stabilizing function of the diaphragm: Dynamic MRI and synchronized spirometric assessment. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010;109:1064–1071. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01216.2009.</ref><ref>Szczygieł E., Fudacz N., Golec J., Golec E. The impact of the position of the head on the functioning of the human body: A systematic review. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 2020;33:559–568. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01585.</ref> The role of the craniomandibular system is now being increasingly analyzed in relation to it. <ref>Tardieu C., Dumitrescu M., Giraudeau A., Blanc J.L., Cheynet F., Borel L. Dental occlusion and postural control in adults. Neurosci. Lett. 2009;450:221–224. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.005.</ref><ref>Munhoz W.C., Hsing W.T. Interrelations between orthostatic postural deviations and subjects’ age, sex, malocclusion, and specific signs and symptoms of functional pathologies of the temporomandibular system: A preliminary correlation and regression study. Cranio. 2014;32:175–186. doi: 10.1179/0886963414Z.00000000031.</ref><ref>Pérez-Belloso A.J., Coheña-Jiménez M., Cabrera-Domínguez M.E., Galan-González A.F., Domínguez-Reyes A., Pabón-Carrasco M. Influence of dental malocclusion on body posture and foot posture in children: A cross-sectional study. Healthcare. 2020;8:485. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040485.</ref><ref>Amaricai E., Onofrei R.R., Suciu O., Marcauteanu C., Stoica E.T., Negruțiu M.L., David V.L., Sinescu C. Do different dental conditions influence the static plantar pressure and stabilometry in young adults? PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0228816. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228816.</ref> Many theories attempt to explain the association between the masticatory organ and posture, including myofascial chains, trigeminal nerve activation or deactivation, and subsequent interaction in the brainstem.<ref name=":0">Cabrera-Domínguez M.E., Domínguez-Reyes A., Pabón-Carrasco M., Pérez-Belloso A.J., Coheña-Jiménez M., Galán-González A.F. Dental malocclusion and its relation to the podal system. Front. Pediatr. 2021;9:654229. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.654229.</ref><ref>Myers T. Anatomy Trains: Myofasziale Leitbahnen (für Manual- und Bewegungstherapeuten) Elsevier Health Sciences; Berlin, Germany: 2015.</ref><ref>Pinganaud G., Bourcier F., Buisseret-Delmas C., Buisseret P. Primary trigeminal afferents to the vestibular nuclei in the rat: Existence of a collateral projection to the vestibulo-cerebellum. Neurosci. Lett. 1999;264:133–136. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00179-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]</ref> However, this is a controversial topic in the scientific community. | Posture is understood as the position of the human body and its orientation in space which requires the analysis and integration of stimuli from three systems: vision, vestibular and proprioception.<ref>Guez G. The Posture. In: Kandel E., Schwartz J., editors. Principles of Neural Science. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 1991. pp. 612–623.</ref><ref>Czaprowski D., Stoliński L., Tyrakowski M., Kozinoga M., Kotwicki T. Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane. Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2018;13:6. doi: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5.</ref> Over the years, numerous observations have been made on the factors influencing postural stability. <ref>Iwanenko J., Gurfinkel V. Human postural control. Front. Neurosci. 2018;12:17. </ref><ref>Guerraz M., Bronstein A.M. Ocular versus extraocular control of posture and equilibrium. Neurophysiol. Clin. 2008;38:391–398. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.007.</ref><ref>Hamaoui A., Frianta Y., Le Bozec S. Does increased muscular tension along the torso impair postural equilibrium in a standing posture? Gait Posture. 2011;34:457–461. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.06.017.</ref><ref>Kolar P., Sulc J., Kyncl M., Sanda J., Neuwirth J., Bokarius A.V., Kriz J., Kobesova A. Stabilizing function of the diaphragm: Dynamic MRI and synchronized spirometric assessment. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010;109:1064–1071. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01216.2009.</ref><ref>Szczygieł E., Fudacz N., Golec J., Golec E. The impact of the position of the head on the functioning of the human body: A systematic review. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 2020;33:559–568. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01585.</ref> The role of the craniomandibular system is now being increasingly analyzed in relation to it. <ref>Tardieu C., Dumitrescu M., Giraudeau A., Blanc J.L., Cheynet F., Borel L. Dental occlusion and postural control in adults. Neurosci. Lett. 2009;450:221–224. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.005.</ref><ref>Munhoz W.C., Hsing W.T. Interrelations between orthostatic postural deviations and subjects’ age, sex, malocclusion, and specific signs and symptoms of functional pathologies of the temporomandibular system: A preliminary correlation and regression study. Cranio. 2014;32:175–186. doi: 10.1179/0886963414Z.00000000031.</ref><ref>Pérez-Belloso A.J., Coheña-Jiménez M., Cabrera-Domínguez M.E., Galan-González A.F., Domínguez-Reyes A., Pabón-Carrasco M. Influence of dental malocclusion on body posture and foot posture in children: A cross-sectional study. Healthcare. 2020;8:485. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040485.</ref><ref>Amaricai E., Onofrei R.R., Suciu O., Marcauteanu C., Stoica E.T., Negruțiu M.L., David V.L., Sinescu C. Do different dental conditions influence the static plantar pressure and stabilometry in young adults? PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0228816. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228816.</ref> Many theories attempt to explain the association between the masticatory organ and posture, including myofascial chains, trigeminal nerve activation or deactivation, and subsequent interaction in the brainstem.<ref name=":0">Cabrera-Domínguez M.E., Domínguez-Reyes A., Pabón-Carrasco M., Pérez-Belloso A.J., Coheña-Jiménez M., Galán-González A.F. Dental malocclusion and its relation to the podal system. Front. Pediatr. 2021;9:654229. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.654229.</ref><ref>Myers T. Anatomy Trains: Myofasziale Leitbahnen (für Manual- und Bewegungstherapeuten) Elsevier Health Sciences; Berlin, Germany: 2015.</ref><ref>Pinganaud G., Bourcier F., Buisseret-Delmas C., Buisseret P. Primary trigeminal afferents to the vestibular nuclei in the rat: Existence of a collateral projection to the vestibulo-cerebellum. Neurosci. Lett. 1999;264:133–136. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00179-2. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]</ref> However, this is a controversial topic in the scientific community. | ||
There is both evidence to support that relationship<ref name=":1">Bracco P., Deregibus A., Piscetta R. Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 2004;356:228–230. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.055.</ref><ref name=":2">Manfredini D., Castroflorio T., Perinetti G., Guarda-Nardini L. Dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders: Where we are now and where we are heading for. J. Oral Rehabil. 2012;39:463–471. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02291.x. </ref><ref name=":3">Sakaguchi K., Mehta N.R., Abdallah E.F., Forgione A.G., Hirayama H., Kawasaki T., Yokoyama A. Examination of the relationship between mandibular position and body posture. Cranio. 2007;25:237–249. doi: 10.1179/crn.2007.037. </ref><ref name=":4">Cuccia A., Caradonna C. The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics. 2009;64:61–63. doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322009000100011.</ref><ref name=":5">Marchena-Rodríguez A., Moreno-Morales N., Ramírez-Parga E., Labajo-Manzanares M.T., Luque-Suárez A., Gijon-Nogueron G. Relationship between foot posture and dental malocclusions in children aged 6 to 9 years. A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2018;97:e0701. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010701</ref><ref name=":6">Iacob S.M., Chisnoiu A.M., Buduru S.D., Berar A., Fluerasu M.I., Iacob I., Objelean A., Studnicska W., Viman L.M. Plantar pressure variations induced by experimental malocclusion—A pilot case series study. Healthcare. 2021;9:599. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9050599.</ref> and to refute it.<ref name=":7">Michelotti A., Buonocore G., Farella M., Pellegrino G., Piergentili C., Altobelli S., Martina R. Postural stability and unilateral posterior crossbite: Is there a relationship? Neurosci. Lett. 2006;392:140–144. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.008.</ref><ref name=":8">Perinetti G., Contardo L., Silvestrini-Biavati A., Perdoni L., Castaldo A. Dental malocclusion and body posture in young subjects: A multiple regression study. Clinics. 2010;65:689–695. doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322010000700007.</ref><ref name=":9">Scharnweber B., Adjami F., Schuster G., Kopp S., Natrup J., Erbe C., Ohlendorf D. Influence of dental occlusion on postural control and plantar pressure distribution. Cranio. 2017;35:358–366. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2016.1244971.</ref><ref name=":10">Isaia B., Ravarotto M., Finotti P., Nogara M., Piran G., Gamberini J., Biz C., Masiero S., Frizziero A. Analysis of dental malocclusion and neuromotor control in young healthy subjects through new evaluation tools. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019;4:5. doi: 10.3390/jfmk4010005.</ref> | There is both evidence to support that relationship<ref name=":1">Bracco P., Deregibus A., Piscetta R. Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett. 2004;356:228–230. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.055.</ref><ref name=":2">Manfredini D., Castroflorio T., Perinetti G., Guarda-Nardini L. Dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders: Where we are now and where we are heading for. J. Oral Rehabil. 2012;39:463–471. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02291.x. </ref><ref name=":3">Sakaguchi K., Mehta N.R., Abdallah E.F., Forgione A.G., Hirayama H., Kawasaki T., Yokoyama A. Examination of the relationship between mandibular position and body posture. Cranio. 2007;25:237–249. doi: 10.1179/crn.2007.037. </ref><ref name=":4">Cuccia A., Caradonna C. The relationship between the stomatognathic system and body posture. Clinics. 2009;64:61–63. doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322009000100011.</ref><ref name=":5">Marchena-Rodríguez A., Moreno-Morales N., Ramírez-Parga E., Labajo-Manzanares M.T., Luque-Suárez A., Gijon-Nogueron G. Relationship between foot posture and dental malocclusions in children aged 6 to 9 years. A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2018;97:e0701. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010701</ref><ref name=":6">Iacob S.M., Chisnoiu A.M., Buduru S.D., Berar A., Fluerasu M.I., Iacob I., Objelean A., Studnicska W., Viman L.M. Plantar pressure variations induced by experimental malocclusion—A pilot case series study. Healthcare. 2021;9:599. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9050599.</ref> and to refute it.<ref name=":7">Michelotti A., Buonocore G., Farella M., Pellegrino G., Piergentili C., Altobelli S., Martina R. Postural stability and unilateral posterior crossbite: Is there a relationship? Neurosci. Lett. 2006;392:140–144. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.008.</ref><ref name=":8">Perinetti G., Contardo L., Silvestrini-Biavati A., Perdoni L., Castaldo A. Dental malocclusion and body posture in young subjects: A multiple regression study. Clinics. 2010;65:689–695. doi: 10.1590/S1807-59322010000700007.</ref><ref name=":9">Scharnweber B., Adjami F., Schuster G., Kopp S., Natrup J., Erbe C., Ohlendorf D. Influence of dental occlusion on postural control and plantar pressure distribution. Cranio. 2017;35:358–366. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2016.1244971.</ref><ref name=":10">Isaia B., Ravarotto M., Finotti P., Nogara M., Piran G., Gamberini J., Biz C., Masiero S., Frizziero A. Analysis of dental malocclusion and neuromotor control in young healthy subjects through new evaluation tools. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019;4:5. doi: 10.3390/jfmk4010005.</ref>[[File:Question 2.jpg|50x50px|left]] | ||
==== Content supporting correlation ==== | ==== Content supporting correlation ==== | ||
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