Difference between revisions of "Bilateral Trigeminal neuromotor organic symmetry"

Bilateral Trigeminal neuromotor organic symmetry (view source)

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 Normalization is computed by dividing the EMG from a specific task or event by the EMG from a reference contraction of the same muscle.<ref name=":0">Clarys JP, Cabri J (1993) Electromyography and the study of sports movements: a review. J Sports Sci 11: 379-448.</ref> Additionally, in healthy individuals, normalizing EMGs by using the EMG recorded from a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), as the reference value may allow the electromyographer to assess what percentage of the maximal activation capacity of the muscle is represented by the EMG task.<ref>Allison GT, Godfrey P, Robinson G (1998) EMG signal amplitude assessment during abdominal bracing and hollowing. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 8: 51-57.</ref>
-One first criticism could be that this method yields outputs that are in excess of unity or one hundred percent<ref name=":0" />  particularly during rapid and forceful contractions or muscle lengthening. For this reason, Yang<ref>Yang JF, Winter DA (1984) Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65: 517-521.</ref> advocated the use of EMGs arising from contractions which are less than 80% of MVC in order to provide a more stable reference value.
+One first criticism could be that this method yields outputs that are in excess of unity or one hundred percent<ref name=":0" />  particularly during rapid and forceful contractions or muscle lengthening. For this reason, Yang advocated the use of EMGs arising from contractions which are less than 80% of MVC in order to provide a more stable reference value.<ref>Yang JF, Winter DA (1984) Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65: 517-521.</ref>
 To avoid the MVC limitations described above, another EMG model has been proposed as normalization factor.
-In a recent article,<ref>Calder KM, Hall LA, Lester SM, Inglis JG, Gabriel DA (2005) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16332261/ Reliability of the biceps brachii M-wave.] J Neuroeng Rehabil 2: 33.</ref> the authors confirmed that the results of their study support the use of P-P amplitude of the maximum <math>H-wave</math> as a methodological control in <math>H-wave</math> studies and as a normalization factor for voluntary EMG.
+In a recent article, the authors confirmed that the results of their study support the use of P-P amplitude of the maximum <math>H-wave</math> as a methodological control in <math>H-wave</math> studies and as a normalization factor for voluntary EMG.<ref>Calder KM, Hall LA, Lester SM, Inglis JG, Gabriel DA (2005) [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16332261/ Reliability of the biceps brachii M-wave.] J Neuroeng Rehabil 2: 33.</ref>
-Regarding the masticatory system we can evoke both an <math>H-wave</math> and a <math>T-wave</math>, also called jaw-stretch reflex.
+Regarding the masticatory system we can evoke both an <math>H-wave</math> and a <math>T-wave</math>, also called 'jaw-stretch reflex'.
 The jaw-stretch reflex is the short-latency excitatory response in the jaw-closing muscles after the application of a sudden stretch. It is considered the trigeminal equivalent of the monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex in limb muscles.<ref>Lund JP, Lamarre Y, Lavigne G, Duquet G (1983) Human jaw reflexes. Adv Neurol 39: 739-755.</ref> The simplest way to provoke a jaw stretch reflex is by tapping the chin with a reflex hammer.<ref>Murray GM, Klineberg IJ (1984) A standardized system for evoking reflexes in human jaw elevator muscles. J Oral Rehabil 11: 361-372.</ref><ref>Cruccu G, Frisardi G, van Steenberghe D (1992) Side asymmetry of the jaw jerk in human craniomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol 37: 257-262.</ref>