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Pleomorphic adenoma

Figure 4: Histological examination of a pleomorphic adenoma from Wikipedia

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign neoplasm of the salivary glands characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of epithelial (ductal) cells together with myoepithelial components, with malignant potential. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common parotid gland tumor. It derives its name from the architectural Pleomorphism (variable aspect) seen under the optical microscope. It is also known as a "mixed tumor, salivary gland type", which refers to its dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements in contrast to its pleomorphic appearance.

The diagnosis of salivary gland tumors uses both tissue sampling and radiographic studies. Tissue sampling procedures include fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (needle larger than FNA). Both of these procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. Imaging techniques for salivary gland tumors include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT allows direct bilateral visualization of salivary gland tumor and provides information on overall size and tissue invasion. CT is excellent for demonstrating bone invasion. MRI provides superior soft tissue delineation such as perineural invasion compared to CT alone as well described by Mehmet Koyuncu et al.^[1]

This last observation is very important because an invasion of the tumor of the nervous tissues in the infratemporal fossa cannot be excluded and precisely because of the complexity of the disease we report a work by Rosalie A Machado et al.^[2] which can be deepened in the sub-chapter of Masticationpedia ' Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma 'in which the authors confirm that to date the development of facial spasms has not been reported in parotid neoplasms. The most common etiologies for hemifacial spasm are vascular compression of the facial nerve ipsilateral to the cerebellopontine angle (defined as primary or idiopathic) (62%), hereditary (2%), secondary to Bell's palsy or facial nerve injury (17 %) and imitators of hemifacial spasms (psychogenic, tics, dystonia, myoclonus, myochemia, myorhythmias and hemimasticatory spasm) (17%).

↑ Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.
↑ . 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86. Rosalie A Machado, Sami P Moubayed, Azita Khorsandi, Juan C Hernandez-Prera, Mark L Urken. Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. World J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.

[1] Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.

[2] . 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86. Rosalie A Machado, Sami P Moubayed, Azita Khorsandi, Juan C Hernandez-Prera, Mark L Urken. Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma. World J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 === Pleomorphic adenoma ===
-[[File:Cytopathology of pleomorphic adenoma.png|thumb|Figura 4: Esame istologico di un adenoma pleomorfo da [[wikipedia:Pleomorphic_adenoma|Wikipedia]] ]]
+[[File:Cytopathology of pleomorphic adenoma.png|thumb|'''Figure 4:''' Histological examination of a pleomorphic adenoma from [[wikipedia:Pleomorphic_adenoma|Wikipedia]] ]]
-L'adenoma pleomorfo è una comune neoplasia benigna delle ghiandole salivari caratterizzata dalla proliferazione neoplasica di cellule epiteliali (duttali) insieme a componenti mioepiteliali, con potenzialità maligna. È il tipo più comune di tumore delle ghiandole salivari e il tumore più comune della ghiandola parotide. Deriva il suo nome dal Pleomorfismo architettonico (aspetto variabile) visto al microscopio ottico. È anche noto come "tumore misto, tipo ghiandola salivare", che si riferisce alla sua doppia origine da elementi epiteliali e mioepiteliali in contrasto con il suo aspetto pleomorfo.
+Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign neoplasm of the salivary glands characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of epithelial (ductal) cells together with myoepithelial components, with malignant potential. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common parotid gland tumor. It derives its name from the architectural Pleomorphism (variable aspect) seen under the optical microscope. It is also known as a "mixed tumor, salivary gland type", which refers to its dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements in contrast to its pleomorphic appearance.
-La diagnosi dei tumori delle ghiandole salivari utilizza sia il campionamento dei tessuti che gli studi radiografici. Le procedure di campionamento dei tessuti includono l'aspirazione con ago sottile (FNA) e la biopsia con ago centrale (ago più grande rispetto all'FNA). Entrambe queste procedure possono essere eseguite in regime ambulatoriale. Le tecniche di diagnostica per immagini per i tumori delle ghiandole salivari comprendono l'ecografia, la tomografia computerizzata (TC) e la risonanza magnetica (MRI). La TC consente la visualizzazione bilaterale diretta del tumore della ghiandola salivare e fornisce informazioni sulla dimensione complessiva e sull'invasione dei tessuti. La TC è eccellente per dimostrare l'invasione ossea. La risonanza magnetica fornisce una delineazione superiore dei tessuti molli come l'invasione perineurale rispetto alla sola TC come ben descritto da Mehmet Koyuncu et al.<ref>Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14663442/ Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.
+The diagnosis of salivary gland tumors uses both tissue sampling and radiographic studies. Tissue sampling procedures include fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (needle larger than FNA). Both of these procedures can be performed on an outpatient basis. Imaging techniques for salivary gland tumors include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT allows direct bilateral visualization of salivary gland tumor and provides information on overall size and tissue invasion. CT is excellent for demonstrating bone invasion. MRI provides superior soft tissue delineation such as perineural invasion compared to CT alone as well described by Mehmet Koyuncu et al.<ref>Mehmet Koyuncu, Teoman Seşen, Hüseyin Akan, Ahmet A Ismailoglu, Yücel Tanyeri, Atilla Tekat, Recep Unal, Lütfi Incesu. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14663442/ Comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of parotid tumors].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Dec;129(6):726-32.doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.07.009.
+</ref><blockquote>This last observation is very important because an invasion of the tumor of the nervous tissues in the infratemporal fossa cannot be excluded and precisely because of the complexity of the disease we report a work by Rosalie A Machado et al.<ref>. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90.
-</ref><blockquote>Quest'ultima osservazione molto importante perchè non si può escludere una invasione del tumore dei tessuti nervosi nella fossa infratemporale e proprio per la complessità della malattia riportiamo un lavoro di Rosalie A Machado et al.<ref>. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90.
 doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.
 Rosalie A Machado, Sami P Moubayed, Azita Khorsandi, Juan C Hernandez-Prera, Mark L Urken. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28246588/ Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma.] World J Clin Oncol. 2017 Feb 10;8(1):86-90. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i1.86.
-</ref>, che può essere approfondito nel sub-capitolo di Masticationpedia  '[[Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma]]' in cui gli autori confermano che ad oggi lo sviluppo di spasmi facciali non è stato segnalato in neoplasie parotidee. Le eziologie più comuni per lo spasmo emifacciale sono la compressione vascolare del nervo facciale omolaterale all'angolo cerebellopontino (definito primario o idiopatico) (62%), ereditario (2%), secondario alla paralisi di Bell o alla lesione del nervo facciale (17%) e imitatori di spasmi emifacciali (psicogeni, tic, distonia, mioclono, miochimia, mioritmia e '''spasmo emimasticatorio''') (17%).</blockquote>
+</ref> which can be deepened in the sub-chapter of Masticationpedia ' [[Intermittent facial spasms as the presenting sign of a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma]] 'in which the authors confirm that to date the development of facial spasms has not been reported in parotid neoplasms. The most common etiologies for hemifacial spasm are vascular compression of the facial nerve ipsilateral to the cerebellopontine angle (defined as primary or idiopathic) (62%), hereditary (2%), secondary to Bell's palsy or facial nerve injury (17 %) and imitators of hemifacial spasms (psychogenic, tics, dystonia, myoclonus, myochemia, myorhythmias and '''hemimasticatory spasm''') (17%).</blockquote>