Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to expanding the range of works available for legal sharing and public use.
The organization has drawn up different types of licenses known as Creative Commons licenses (or "CC licenses") which provide a simple and standardized way to communicate which rights the author of the work reserves and which others waives, for the benefit of users. This introduced the concept of "some rights reserved", halfway between the rigid copyright model "All rights reserved" and the too permissive public domain model "No rights reserved" (No rights reserved).
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 In this site we widely use texts and multimedia licensed with Creative Commons free licenses, so we invite our readers and users to enrich the patrimony of resources freely accessible to Humanity, by licensing their works with CC licenses. |
The Creative Commons licenses highlighted by the wording Approved for Free Cultural Works are the most appreciated because they are approved for use in culturally free works.
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MasticationPedia prefers CC licenses (and the public domain). |
Licenses
The Creative Commons licenses, which reached version 4.0 in November 2013, are ideally structured in two parts: the first part indicates the freedoms granted by the author for his work; the second, however, exposes the conditions of use of the work itself.
The Freedoms
Creative Commons licenses.
The two freedoms are:
| Symbol | Condition | Condition | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Share | To Share |
Creative Commons Free Share new icon Share To Share Freedom to copy, distribute or transmit the work. Creative Commons Free Mixer icon Reworking To Remix Freedom to readjust the work. |
The conditions for the re-use of the work
The conditions of use of the work, also called clauses, are four. Each is associated with a graphic symbol in order to make it easier to recognize it. The clauses on a pink background are not accepted in Masticationpedia.
Symbol Abbreviation Condition Description Creative Commons Attribution new icon BY Attribution Attribution Allows others to copy, distribute, display and make copies of the work and works derived from it as long as the author of the work is indicated, in the manner specified by them.
For example, those who cite a work may be asked to indicate in addition to the author also the link to the website of the work or author. Creative Commons Noncommercial icon NC Non commercial Non-Commercial Allows others to copy, distribute, display and make copies of the work and works derived from it or its reworkings, but only for non-commercial purposes. Not accepted on Masticationpedia Creative Commons No Derivative Works icon ND No derivative works No Derivative Works Allows others to copy, distribute, display and make only identical copies (verbatim) of the work; derivative works or reworkings are not allowed. Not accepted on Masticationpedia Creative Commons Share Alike icon SA Share the same way Share-Alike It allows others to distribute works derived from the work only with an identical license (not more restrictive) or compatible with that granted with the original work (see also copyleft). Combinations: the six CC licenses
Each of these four clauses identifies a particular condition which the user of the work must undergo in order to be able to freely use it. Combining them gives sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid CC licenses while the other five are not. Of the latter, four include both the ND (No Derivative Works) clause and the SA (Share-Alike) clause which are mutually exclusive, while one is not valid because it contains neither the ND nor the SA.
Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that do not have the BY (Attribution) clause were withdrawn because they were requested by less than 3% of users [2]; however, they remain available for consultation on the Creative Commons website.
So there are six Creative Commons licenses in use plus CC0 (or public domain) [3]. The clauses indicated on a pink background are not accepted in Masticationpedia. Symbols Abbreviation Description Template: Symbol Template: All attached Allows you to distribute, modify, create derivative works from the original, even for commercial purposes, provided that: an acknowledgment of adequate authorship is recognized, provided a link to the license and indicated if changes have been made. [4] Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: All attached Allows you to distribute, modify, create derivative works from the original, also for commercial purposes, provided that: a mention of adequate authorship is recognized, provided a link to the license and indicated if they have been make changes; and that the new work is given the same license as the original (therefore any derivative work will be allowed for commercial use). [5]
This license, in some ways, can be traced back to the copyleft licenses of free and open source software. Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: All attached It allows you to distribute the original work without any modification, even for commercial purposes, provided that an adequate authorship mention is recognized and a link to the license is provided.
Therefore it does not allow the distribution of works modified, remixed or based on the work licensed with this license. [6] Not accepted on Masticationpedia Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: All attached Allows you to distribute, modify, create works derived from the original, but not for commercial purposes, provided that: a mention of adequate authorship is recognized, provided a link to the license and indicated if they are changes have been made.
Anyone who modifies the original work is not required to use the same licenses for derivative works. [7] Not accepted on Masticationpedia Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: All attached It allows you to distribute, modify, create works derived from the original, but not for commercial purposes, provided that: an acknowledgment of adequate authorship is recognized, provided a link to the license and indicated if changes have been made; and that the new work is given the same license as the original (therefore, any derivative work will not be allowed for commercial use). [8] Not accepted on Masticationpedia Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: Symbol Template: All attached This license is the most restrictive: it only allows you to download and share the original works on condition that they are not modified or used for commercial purposes, always attributing the authorship of the work to the author. [9] Not accepted on Masticationpedia
The rights to share and/or modify the work are not revocable by the licensor as long as the terms of the license are respected. [4] CC0: public domain Identification of CC0
CC0, also known as CC Zero, announced in 2007 and made available to the public in 2009 [10] [11], is a tool, also called a protocol with legal value for giving up copyright on the work worldwide [12 ]. This tool, which is not a license, places the material in the public domain in the jurisdictions where it is possible, meaning the expression "public domain" in the broadest sense permitted by law; in other jurisdictions, waive as many rights as possible through a simple permissive license. [13] [14]
Globally, few jurisdictions allow the attribution to the public domain of the works of those who intend to operate in favor of the expansion of public knowledge. Often it is complex if not impossible to renounce one's moral rights as they are automatically applied by almost all national jurisdictions. With respect to the concept of public domain, the CC0 license aims to cancel the ambiguities due to the different local legislatures, with an attribution that represents on a global scale the renunciation of any type of authorial right. For these purposes it has not been adapted to any specific legislation. [15]
The CC Zero project is strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon law and even more by US law, in which the chances of "giving up" the rights to a work are much greater - in number and size - than in legal systems of Latin law. [12 ]
In 2010, Creative Commons announced that the Public Domain Mark would be introduced, a tool that allows you to appropriately report the works that are already in the public domain. [16] Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark (PDM) replace what was previously known as Public Domain Dedication and Certification, whose approach was based on US law and which was used to manage two different cases together. [17] [18] Unlike CC0 and other Creative Commons licenses, PDM is not a legal instrument; it is not accompanied by a legal text or agreement. [19] [20]
In 2011, the Free Software Foundation included CC0 in the list of free software licenses, that is, in the list of licenses compatible with its definition of free software. [21] [22] Attribution
Since 2004 all licenses require the attribution of the original author. The attribution must be given by "the best of [one's] ability to use the available information". [23] Typically, this involves the following:
Include copyright notices (if available). If the original work contains copyright notices entered by its owner, these notices must be left intact or reasonably reproduced on the medium in which the work was republished. Quote the author's name, nickname, or user ID, etc. Furthermore, if the work is published on the Internet, it is recommended to link the author's name to his profile page, if such a page exists. Cite the title of the work or the name (if available). Furthermore, if the work is published on the Internet, it is recommended that the name or title of the work act as a hypertext link pointing to the original work. Cite the specific CC license under which the original work is published. Furthermore, if the work is published on the Internet, it is recommended to insert a link to the CC license site.
Indicate if the work is derivative or if it is an adaptation. If the work is a derivative work, it is necessary [24] to make it evident, for example by writing "This is a Finnish translation of the [original] work created by [author]." or "Screenplay based on [author's] [original] work".
Furthermore, it is good to check whether the author himself has explicitly indicated how he wishes the attribution to be made. [25] Licenses withdrawn
Some licenses have been withdrawn because they are requested by a small number of users or for legal reasons. Creative Commons keeps the legal texts related to the respective web addresses intact, so as to ensure that the material already published remains published with these licenses, and although it is technically possible to use them to publish new material, it does not recommend its use. [26]
These include, in addition to all licenses without the CC0 and the Attribution element, the following:
Developing Nations License: license that allows you to copy and modify the work but that only applies to developing countries, whose economies are considered "non-high-income economies" by the World Bank. Instead, all copyright restrictions apply to other countries. [27] Sampling: part of the work may be used for purposes other than advertising, but the entire work cannot be copied or modified. [28] Sampling plus: part of the work can be copied or modified for non-advertising purposes and the whole work can be copied for non-commercial purposes. [29] NonCommercial Sampling Plus: the entire work or part of it can be copied or modified for non-commercial purposes. [30]
Evolution Content published under Creative Commons licenses: some rights reserved.
Among the features introduced with version 2.0 licenses: [2]
the abandonment of the 1.0 licenses which lacked the BY clause (Attribution), as they are little used; now the author can request that the attribution be made through a direct link, established by him; incompatibility between CC BY-SA and CC BY-NC-SA.
Version 3.0 of the licenses introduced several changes, including corrections to the "unported" version of the licenses to make it less oriented to the US legal system and the introduction of a "No Endorsement" clause. [31] [32] Some changes were submitted to the community and working groups of individual jurisdictions for analysis and consideration, and were rejected; among these, the possibility of eliminating or modifying the anti-TPM clause, which prohibits a licensee from producing a derivative work that is subject to the so-called Technological Protection Measures, but does not prevent the author of the original work from granting this separately authorization with a second non-CC license. [33]
On November 25, 2013, after a phase of public discussion in which anyone, encouraged by Creative Commons, was able to make their contribution, the Creative Commons 4.0 licenses were officially launched, defined as "the most global, legally robust licenses produced by CC by now ". [34] Among the features introduced:
greater readability and organization of the license text; a new mechanism that allows those who violate the license inadvertently to regain their rights if the violation is remedied in a timely manner (within 30 days); a "common sense" attribution, explicitly allowing users of the licensed work to meet the attribution requirement with a link to a separate page, for attribution information; it:Masticationpedia:Creative Commons